Viola riviniana Rchb.

Common dog-violet (en), Violette de rivinus (fr), Violette de Rivinus (fr), Violette de Rivin (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Malpighiales > Violaceae > Viola

Characteristics

Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 1.8–30 cm. Stems 1–5, erect, ascending, or decumbent, glabrous or puberulent, on caudex from subligneous rhizome. Leaves basal and cauline; basal: 3–5; stipules subulate or lanceolate, margins fimbriate, apex acute to acuminate; petiole 2.5–12 cm, usually glabrous, rarely puberulent; blade ovate to reniform, 2.3–5.5 × 2.6–5.3 cm, base cordate to deeply cordate, margins crenate, eciliate, apex acute or obtuse, abaxial surface glabrous or sparsely puberulent, adaxial surface usually sparsely puberulent, sometimes glabrous; cauline similar to basal except: stipules ovate or lanceolate, margins fimbriate, apex long-acuminate; petiole 1.3–6 cm; blade ovate or broadly ovate, 1.8–5 × 1.5–4.2 cm, apex acute. Peduncles 2.8–10 cm, glabrous, sometimes puberulent. Flowers: sepals lanceolate, margins eciliate; auricles 1.8–2.5 mm (enlarged in fruit); petals violet on both surfaces, lower 3 usually white basally, rarely violet, dark violet-veined, lateral 2 bearded, lowest 13–17 mm, spur white, rarely violet, elongated, 5–7 mm, tip straight or hooked, blunt; style head beardless (surface papillose); cleistogamous flowers axillary. Capsules ovoid or oblong, 8–12 mm, glabrous. Seeds pale to light brown, 1.8–2.1 mm. 2n = 40.
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Rhizomatous perennial; stems prostrate to ascending, glabrous, 5-20 cm long. Lvs all similar, with fine hairs near margin above, (7)-15-25 × (7)-15-25 mm, ovate-cordate, subacute to acuminate, with > 10 shallow crenations each side; stipules linear, acute, 5-10 × 1-(2) mm, long-fimbriate; fimbriae 1-1.5 mm long; petiole glabrous, (3)-15-40 mm long. Peduncles erect, with very fine hairs above; bracts linear, with 1-4 fimbriae near base or entire, 3-6 mm long. Fls 15-20 mm diam. Sepals narrowly ovate-acuminate, 4-6 mm long; appendages 1-2 mm long. Petals blue-violet, > sepals, the lateral bearded; spur broad, 5-6 mm long, > sepal appendages. Style weakly geniculate at base, 2 mm long; stigma beaked. Capsule ellipsoid, glabrous, 9-12 mm long. Seeds obovoid, yellowish brown, 2 mm long.
Perennial herb, glabrous or ± pubescent, with decumbent branches 2–20 cm long arising from a short, erect stem bearing a cluster of leaves. Leaves with lamina ovate-orbicular, 5–45 mm long, apex obtuse or shortly acuminate, margins crenate, base cordate; petiole 1–3.5 cm long, glabrous; stipules lanceolate, fimbriate, connate at base. Flower-scapes 2.5–6 cm long, glabrous; bracteoles above middle. Sepals lanceolate with acute apex to narrowly triangular with a subulate apex, 7–12 mm long; appendages large, accrescent in fruit. Petals c. 10 mm long, blue-violet; anterior petal with spur c. 5 mm long, notched at obtuse apex. Capsule ovoid, 7–10 mm long, glabrous. Seeds ovoid, c. 2 mm long, yellowish brown.
A perennial plant. It grows 10-20 cm high and 25-40 cm wide. The leaves are heart-shaped. The flowers are purple-blue and without a scent.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support -
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread myrmecochory
Mature width (meter) 0.1 - 0.5
Mature height (meter) 0.15 - 0.2
Root system rhizome
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

In Australia, adventive plants recorded from near creeks, roads, cleared and weedy areas, sometimes encroaching into disturbed eucalypt forest, often near gardens.
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Woods, hedgebanks, heaths, pastures and mountain rocks on all types of soil that are not too wet.
It is a temperate plant. It is frost hardy. It suits hardiness zones 5-9.
Light 3-9
Soil humidity 4-6
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity 2-6
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 5-8

Usage

Uses medicinal
Edible flowers leaves
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by cuttings, divisions or seedlings. Seeds needs stratification.
Mode cuttings divisions seedlings
Germination duration (days) 14 - 21
Germination temperacture (C°) 18 - 23
Germination luminosity dark
Germination treatment stratification
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Viola riviniana habit picture by Jacques Zuber (cc-by-sa)
Viola riviniana habit picture by Pierre LEON (cc-by-sa)
Viola riviniana habit picture by Mariusz KS (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Viola riviniana leaf picture by Jacques Zuber (cc-by-sa)
Viola riviniana leaf picture by Rico García Antonio (cc-by-sa)
Viola riviniana leaf picture by Florie Thielin (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Viola riviniana flower picture by mimethique (cc-by-sa)
Viola riviniana flower picture by Denis Alkan (cc-by-sa)
Viola riviniana flower picture by Jacques Zuber (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Viola riviniana fruit picture by Else Nolden (cc-by-sa)
Viola riviniana fruit picture by flo badass (cc-by-sa)
Viola riviniana fruit picture by Steve Orridge (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Viola riviniana world distribution map, present in Albania, Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Belarus, Canada, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Algeria, Spain, Estonia, Finland, France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Greece, Croatia, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, Morocco, North Macedonia, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Tunisia, and United States of America

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:869126-1
WFO ID wfo-0000423605
COL ID 5BHGS
BDTFX ID 72473
INPN ID 129669
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Viola riviniana Viola puberula Viola silvatica Viola silana Viola subsessilifolia Viola riviniana f. prolifera Viola riviniana f. sobolifera Viola guffroyi Viola broussonetiana Viola riviniana f. minor Viola riviniana var. minor Viola riviniana subsp. minor Viola riviniana var. leucocentra