Wikstroemia indica C.A.Mey.

Species

Angiosperms > Malvales > Thymelaeaceae > Wikstroemia

Characteristics

Shrub up to 3 m. Branchlets black-brown, scattered puberulous, glabrescent, sometimes transversally fissured. Internodes usually very short or even obscure. Leaves chartaceous to subcoriaceous, in dry condition usually brown to reddish-brown, sometimes glaucescent, sparsely puberulous beneath, glabrescent, or glabrous, shining above and rather dull beneath, obovate-or elliptic-oblong, oblanceolate, elliptic, rarely ovate, 1.25-4.5(-7) by ½-2(-3.25) cm; base cuneate to attenuate; apex rounded, obtuse, sometimes slightly emarginate, or acute; margins usually cartilaginous; nerves 5-12 pairs, irregular, and often branched, obliquely ascending towards the margin, rarely the basal 1 or 2 nerves on each side ascending along the margin towards near the top, usually distinct beneath obscure above, sometimes obscure on both surfaces; veins obscure or invisible on both surfaces. Petiole c. 2 mm. Inflorescence terminal, sometimes 1-2 additional ones in the axils of the terminal node, few-flowered, subsessile, sometimes on a very short peduncle; pedicels 1.5-2 mm, articulated at the base. Flowers green, 10-12 mm long, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside. Calyx lobes 2-3 mm long, broadly ovate or oblong, obtuse. Stamens very shortly filamentous, rarely sessile; anthers linear, c. 1 mm long, sometimes those of the lower series slightly shorter, obtuse rarely apiculate at the apex, the two series c. 1 mm apart. Disk 2 free, linear, c. 0.75 mm long scales with narrowed or obliquely truncate top, sometimes lobed or crenate at the apex. Ovary slightly obovoid or elliptic, c. 1.5 mm long, sparsely hairy or glabrous at the top; style very short or obscure; stigma globose, c. 1/3 mm diam. Fruits broadly ellipsoid, c. 6 by 4 mm, red.
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Shrub 0.3–2 (–4) m high; young stems with minute hairs. Leaves opposite, glabrous; petiole 1–3 (–9) mm long; lamina narrowly elliptic to elliptic, oblong-elliptic or ovate, 9–80 mm long, 5–30 mm wide, cuneate to obtuse or rounded at base, acute to obtuse at apex, discolorous (green and glossy above, pale glaucous-green and dull below), venation obscure. Inflorescence of few-to many-flowered terminal racemes; racemes condensed or elongate; rachis to 30 mm long in fruit; peduncle 1.5–22 mm long. Flowers bisexual, to 10 mm long, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside, green or greenish yellow (to white); pedicel c. 1 mm long, articulate at or near base. Hypanthium c. 4–8 mm long, splitting irregularly at base in fruit. Sepals ovate-oblong, (1–) 1.5–2 mm long. Upper stamens semi-exserted; lower stamens included. Mature fruit naked, ellipsoid or ovoid, 5–8 mm long, fleshy, red.
Shrubs 0.5-2 m or more tall. Branches reddish brown, glabrous. Leaves opposite; petiole ca. 1 mm; leaf blade reddish brown on both surfaces when dried, obovate, elliptic-oblong, or lanceolate, 2-5 × 0.5-1.5 cm, papery to thinly leathery, both surfaces glabrous, base broadly or narrowly cuneate, apex obtuse or acute; lateral veins dense, slender, at narrow angle to midrib. Inflorescences terminal, capitate, several flowered; peduncle 0.5-1 cm, glabrous. Pedicel 1-2 mm. Calyx yellowish green, 7-12 mm, exterior glabrescent; lobes 4, broadly ovate to oblong, ca. 3 mm, apex acute or obtuse. Stamens 8. Disk scales often 2 or 4. Ovary obovoid or ellipsoid, glabrous or apex sparsely pubescent; style very short; stigma capitate. Drupe red to dark purple, ellipsoid, 7-8 mm. Fl. and fr. summer-autumn.
A shrub or small tree. It grows 1.5 m high and spreads 0.9 m wide. The leaves are oval and 6 cm long. The flowers are white, cream or greenish and in heads at the ends of the branches. The fruit are red to dark purple and 7-8 mm across.
Life form perennial
Growth form shrub
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 0.95 - 1.2
Mature height (meter) 1.25 - 1.5
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

In thickets and secondary growths, obviously very soil-tolerant and occurring in various biotopes, for example on sandy soil near the beach, on limestone of a ridge top, on granite peaks, along river-banks, and on open hill-sides, from the lowland up to 1300 m, a few above 2200 m even up to 2700 m (in Celebes and New Guinea).
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Occurs mainly on coastal sand dunes and sandy foreshores, in scrub and open forest near the sea, also further inland in littoral and other rainforest.
A tropical plant. It grows in forests and on rocky slopes below 1,500 m above sea level. It suits hardiness zones 9-12. In XTBG Yunnan. In Sichuan.
Rainforest margins and wet Eucalypt forest, on poor soils in northeastern Australia.
Light 4-9
Soil humidity -
Soil texture 3-4
Soil acidity 4-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-11

Usage

Has been used medicinally in India, Fiji and China (Cribb & Cribb 1981: 163).
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CAUTION: Many Wikstroema are poisonous. The fruit are poisonous.
Uses fiber material medicinal poison social use wood
Edible -
Therapeutic use Cathartics (bark), Fishes, poisonous (bark), Urinary bladder calculi (bark), Cathartics (root), Diuretics (root), Fishes, poisonous (root), Urinary bladder calculi (root), Antineoplastic agents (stem), Carcinoma, ehrlich tumor (stem), Leukemia, lymphoid (stem), Cancer (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Hepatomegaly (unspecified), Lymphadenitis (unspecified), Piscicide (unspecified), Poison (unspecified), Purgative (unspecified), Vesicant (unspecified), Schistosomiasis (unspecified), Splenomegaly (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by cuttings, graftings or seedlings.
Mode cuttings graftings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Wikstroemia indica leaf picture by Richard Chesher (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Wikstroemia indica flower picture by Richard Chesher (cc-by-sa)
Wikstroemia indica flower picture by Coordination Endemia (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Wikstroemia indica world distribution map, present in Australia, Bangladesh, China, Fiji, Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Mauritius, Malaysia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Taiwan, Province of China, Viet Nam, and Vanuatu

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:833115-1
WFO ID wfo-0001142540
COL ID 5BYVX
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 671773
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Wikstroemia shuttleworthiana Wikstroemia forsteri Daphne zhouana Diplomorpha viridiflora Xylosma cochine Wikstroemia viridiflora Wikstroemia valbrayi Wikstroemia ovalifolia Wikstroemia novae-caledoniae Wikstroemia pulgarensis Wikstroemia shuttleworthii Wikstroemia subcoriacea Wikstroemia linearifolia Wikstroemia amplifolia Wikstroemia purpurata Daphne indica Wikstroemia pachyphylla Daphne cannabina Daphne indica subsp. novae-caledoniae Wikstroemia indica var. viridiflora Wikstroemia viridiflora var. acuta Wikstroemia indica var. amplifolia Daphne indica subsp. linearifolia Wikstroemia indica