Xylocarpus granatum J.Koenig

Dhundal tree (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Sapindales > Meliaceae > Xylocarpus

Characteristics

Arvore sempervirente, de porte m‚dio, atingindo 10(15) m de altura; tronco arqueado, muito ramificado; ritidoma amarelado e liso, ou castanho e verde quando descamado; ra¡zes de superf¡cie lateralmente comprimidas, formando uma rede de malha larga (que lembra uma massa de serpentes), providas de pneumat¢foros. Pec¡olo e r quis das folhas somando no m ximo 8.5 cm de comprimento, glabros; fol¡olos l-2(3)-jugados, opostos; lƒmina dos fol¡olos at‚ 12 x 5 cm, em regra menor, el¡ptica, oblongo-ou obovado-el¡ptica, de  pice arredondado, raramente obtuso ou emarginado, de base estreita-ou largamente acunheada, cori cea, com vena‡ao proeminente em ambas as faces, no seco laranja-acastanhada; peci¢lulo 2-5(7) mm longo. Racimos de cimeiras 2-3-floras, 3-6 cm longos, laxos; flores com pedicelo 3-5 mm longo; br cteas min£sculas, em regra caducas. C lice c. 2 mm longo, lobado at‚ 1/2, glabro; lobos arredondados. P‚talas 5-6 x 2.5-3.0 mm, glabras, esbranqui‡adas ou cor-de-rosa-p lido. Tubo estaminal 4-5 mm longo. Disco adnato … 1/2 inferior do ov rio. Ov rio 1.0-1.5 mm de diƒm.; estilete at‚ 1.5 mm longo. C psula at‚ 20 cm de diƒm., levemente 4-sulcada. Sementes 3-8 cm longas.
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Tree usually 6–15 m tall, with (sometimes multiple) boles to 90 cm diam., and narrow flattened, ribbon-like extended and branched buttress-roots; pneumatophores absent; bark thin, smooth, irregularly scaling, whitish to yellow-brown mottled. Leaf rachis and petiole to 9 cm long, usually much less; terminal/apical spike usually absent. Leaflets usually 1 or 2 pairs, obovate or elliptic, usually 5–12 cm long, 3–6 cm wide, cuneate at base, obtuse, rounded or even emarginate at apex, coriaceous; venation prominent only when dried; petiolules usually 5–6 mm long, swollen. Inflorescence usually (1–) 3–6 cm long, borne on old and young twigs, often without distinct axis and unbranched; bracts and bracteoles caducous. Pseudopedicels 3–9 mm long, somewhat swollen beneath calyx lobes. Calyx lobes 1–1.3 mm long. Petals oblong, 3.5–5.5 mm long, 2–3 mm wide, cream or pinkish. Staminal tube 2–3.5 mm diam.; marginal lobes apiculate or bifid to retuse. Capsule flattened-globose, 12–25 cm diam. Seeds usually 8–16, 4–6 cm long; first leaves simple.
Tree or shrub (1–)6–15(–20) m with thin, branched, ribbon-like buttresses spread-ing out from base; bole solitary or occasionally more, to 90(–180, Watson) cm diam., often of poor form. Bark thin, smooth, scaling as irregular flakes, whitish to yellow-brown; inner bark reddish or pink. Leaf rachis and petiole to 9(–12) cm, usually much less. Leaflets in 1 or 2 (3) pairs, (3.5–)5–12 by (2–)3–6 cm, coriaceous, obovate or elliptic, base cuneate, apex rounded or obtuse, venation prominent on both surfaces in sicco, petiolules (2–)5–6(–11) mm, swollen. Thyrses (1–)3–6 cm, ± squarrose, borne on new and older twigs, frequently ± forked with indistinct main axis; bracts and brac-teoles  0.5 mm, caducous; pedicels 3–9 mm, conspicuously swollen towards the calyx. Calyx lobes 1–3 mm long. Petals 3.5–5.5(–6.5) by 2–3 mm, oblong, creamy white or pinkish. Staminal tube 2–3.5 mm diam., lobes apiculate or bifid to retuse. Fruit 12–25 cm diam., flattened-globose. Seeds 8–16(–20), 4–6 cm long. First leaves simple.
Trees or shrubs, to 5 m tall. Branches gray, smooth, glabrous. Leaves ca. 15 cm; petiole and rachis cylindric, glabrous; petiole 3-5 cm; leaflets usually 4, opposite; petiolules ca. 4 mm, base inflated; leaflet blades elliptic to obovate-oblong, 4-9 × 2.5-5 cm, subleathery, both surfaces glabrous and usually pale, secondary veins 8-10 on each side of midvein, ascending, anastomosing near margin, reticulate veins sparse and ± obvious, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex rounded. Cymes consisting of 1-3 flowers, many cymes forming thyrses, glabrous. Pedicel 1 cm or more. Calyx lobes rounded. Petals white, obovate-oblong, ca. 6 mm, leathery. Staminal tube lobes suborbicular and weakly 2-cleft; anthers ellipsoid, glabrous, base cordate. Disk ± as high as ovary, base contracting, apex fleshy, striate. Style subquadrigonal, glabrous; stigma ± as long as staminal tube. Capsule 10-12 cm in diam., stipitate, with 8-12 seeds. Fl. and fr. Apr-Nov.
A tall evergreen tree. It grows 15 m high. It has a single trunk. They are shorter in low rainfall areas. Often the trunk is crooked when grown in mangrove swamps. The buttresses extend across the mud. The bark is bright orange brown and smooth. It can have buttresses and aerial roots. The bark is yellowish green. The leaves are alternate and tend to be pointed upwards. The leaves are dark green and oval. The are leathery and have a rounded tip. The base tapers. The leaves are 6 cm long by 3 cm wide. The flowers are very small and white or cream. The flowers are four parted and about 1 cm wide. They occur at the ends of branches in small clusters. The fruit is very large and brown. They are round and occur singly. They have a long stalk. The fruit is round and 12-15 cm across and brown when ripe. The seeds are like four faced triangles.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality -
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 6.0 - 15.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a tropical plant. They occur in open forest and near mangrove. It grows on flooded areas of mangrove swamps that are occasionally inundated. It grows up to 10 m above sea level. It occurs on sandy beaches. It grows near tidal streams. They occur from East Africa, India to Polynesia. They only occur in the drier parts of mangrove swamps which are only occasionally flooded. It can tolerate heavy shade.
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Found in tidal mud of mangrove swamps, especially towards their upper limits.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

The fruit are chewed with betel leaf.
Uses dye environmental use food fuel invertebrate food material medicinal oil poison social use timber wood
Edible fruits seeds
Therapeutic use Abdominal pain (bark), Antipyretics (bark), Astringents (bark), Diarrhea (bark), Dysentery (bark), Diarrhea (fruit), Elephantiasis (fruit), Mastitis (fruit), Anti-infective agents (root), Appetite stimulants (seed), Diarrhea (seed), Pruritus (seed), Astringent (unspecified), Cholera (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Itch (unspecified), Swelling (unspecified), Tonic (unspecified), Abdomen (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Mumps (unspecified), Thrush (unspecified), Antifungal agents (wood)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are grown from seed. The seed float easily. The young shoot can be 60-90 cm long before producing leaves.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 22 - 30
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Distribution

Xylocarpus granatum world distribution map, present in Australia, Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, China, Fiji, Micronesia (Federated States of), Indonesia, India, Kenya, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Myanmar, Mozambique, Mayotte, Philippines, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Seychelles, Thailand, Tonga, Tanzania, United Republic of, United States of America, Viet Nam, and South Africa

Conservation status

Xylocarpus granatum threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:579970-1
WFO ID wfo-0000428249
COL ID 5CKH9
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 831870
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Amoora salomoniensis Carapa granatum Carapa obovata Granatum obovatum Xylocarpus obovatus Carapa caruosula Xylocarpus granatum Xylocarpus minor Xylocarpus carnulosus