Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.

Indian jujube (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Rosales > Rhamnaceae > Ziziphus

Characteristics

Trees or shrubs, evergreen, to 15 m tall. Young branches densely yellow-gray tomentose; branchlets pilose; old branches purple-red. Stipular spines 2, one oblique and hooklike recurved; petiole 5-13 mm, densely gray-yellow tomentose; leaf blade adaxially dark green, shiny, ovate or oblong-elliptic, rarely subrounded, 2.5-6 × 1.5-4.5 cm, papery to thickly papery, abaxially yellow or gray-white tomentose, adaxially glabrous, 3-veined from base, veins conspicuously reticulate abaxially, impressed or ± prominent adaxially, base subrounded, slightly oblique, margin serrulate, apex rounded, rarely acute. Flowers green-yellow, few to 10 in subsessile or shortly pedunculate, axillary dichotomous cymes. Pedicel 2-4 mm, gray-yellow tomentose. Sepals ovate-triangular, abaxially hairy, apex acute. Petals oblong-spatulate, clawed at base. Stamens subequaling petals. Disk thick, fleshy, 10-lobed, concave at middle. Ovary globose, glabrous; style 2-fid or branched to half. Drupe orange or red, turning black at maturity, oblong or globose, 1-1.2 cm, ca. l cm in diam., with persistent tube at base; fruiting pedicel 5-8 mm, pilose, 2-loculed, 1-or 2-seeded; mesocarp corky; endocarp thick, thickly leathery. Seeds red-brown, broad and compressed, 6-7 × 5-6 mm, shiny. Fl. Aug-Nov, fr. Sep-Dec. 2n = 24.
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Small tree, armed with spines on the older branches, the stems brown-tomen-tose. Leaves alternate, 3-nerved almost to the apex, oval to suborbicular, obtuse to retuse, finely crenate-serrate, each tooth with a small gland at the tip, obtuse to slightly rounded and weakly oblique basally, to 4.5 cm long and 3 cm wide, dull green and glabrous above, densely tomentose beneath, the pubescence on the veins brown; petioles ca. 5-8 mm long, brown-tomentose, the stipules un-equally developed, the longer ca. 2-3 mm long on older branches. Inflorescences cymes, axillary and sessile, 10-15-flowered. Flowers subsessile to shortly pedicel-late, the pedicels to 4 mm long, tomentose; floral tube shallowly patelliform; sepals (4-)5, deltoid, sometimes slightly unequal, ca. 1.2-1.5 mm long, glabrous and keeled within, tomentose without; petals (4-)5, clawed, white, ca. 1.2 mm long; stamens (4-)5, the filaments subulate, ca. 1 mm long, the anthers ca. 0.4 mm long; nectariferous disc ca. 10-ridged; ovary completely immersed in the disc, the style ca. 0.3-0.4 mm long, the stigmas 2, minute. Fruit unknown.
A medium sized tree. It is thorny. It loses many of its leaves during the year. It grows up to 10-12 m high. The bark is grey, brown or pale red. Branches and the under surface of the leaves are densely hairy when young. The thorns arise from the base of the leaves. The leaves are alternate and simple. They are finely toothed. They can be oval or round and 8 cm long by 5 cm wide. The flowers are green and have a scent. They occur as 3-5 flowers together. The flowers are 1-2 cm long and on slender branches. The fruit are small, oval and yellow or brown. They are sweet. They are 2-5 cm long and 2.5 cm wide. The fruit are green when young and turn yellow or brown when ripe. The pulp is fleshy, acid and edible. The fruit have one seed imbedded in the flesh in a hard stone. The fruit wrinkle on drying. Many varieties exist.
Shrubs or small trees, 3–10(–15) m; secondary branches white-silvery to grayish, becoming brown, tomentose, glabrescent, not thorn-tipped, axillary thorns absent; stipular spines usually present, straight or recurving, 2–3 mm, solitary or paired, sometimes absent. Leaves persistent, alternate; blade whitish to tawny abaxially, dark green adaxially, oblong to elliptic or elliptic-ovate, 2.5–8 cm, base obtuse to rounded, usually oblique, margins serrulate, apex rounded, abaxial surface tomentose, adaxial surface glabrous; 3-veined from base. Inflorescences cymes, 2–8-flowered. Flowers: hypanthium and sepals greenish to greenish white; petals white. Drupes ripening from yellow or orange to red or reddish brown, globose to ovoid or oblong, 20–30 cm. 2n = 24.
Shrub or tree 4–10 m high, with greyish-or rusty-tomentose stems, inflorescence axes and flowers. Leaves: lamina broadly ovate to broadly elliptic, (25–) 40–60 (–75) mm long, (15–) 25–40 (–60) mm wide, obtuse to cuneate base, finely serrulate (rarely entire) margin, obtuse apex, distinctly discolorous, green and glabrous above, grey-tomentose below; petiole (4–) 7–15 (–20) mm long; stipules 1–10 (–20) mm long. Pedicels 1–10 mm long. Hypanthium (1.7–) 2–3 (–4) mm diam. Sepals 1.4–2.2 mm long. Petals cucullate or longitudinally rolled, 1.4–2 mm long. Stamens 1.4–1.9 mm long. Disc ± smooth, glabrous. Ovary inferior; carpels 2; style 0.2–1 mm long. Fruit reddish brown to orange or purple, ellipsoid to globular, 13–24 mm long.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support -
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 9.0 - 12.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 1.5
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

A tropical plant. It grows well on sandy soils. It can survive droughts. It grows rapidly in dry places such as the Sahel. It can tolerate temperatures up to 44°C as well as periodic frosts once the trees are mature. It does best when the mean annual temperature is 22-30°C. It thrives in hot dry climates and arid zones. It grows in the Sahel. It needs adequate water during the fruiting season. It can grow at elevations up to 1,000 m in the tropics but does best below 600 m. It suits the lowlands. It grows in areas with rainfalls of 150-900 mm and is most common where rainfalls are 300-500 mm annually. It does not like excessive humidity for fruiting. It will grow on a range of soils but deep sandy loams with a pH of 7 or slightly higher are best. It can tolerate some salinity and water-logging. It can grow in arid places. It grows in Miombo woodland in Africa. In Sichuan and Yunnan.
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Found especially in sandy soils of arid regions. Coastal thickets, dry limestone woodlands. Humid forests, thickets along riverbanks, hills, slopes; at elevations up to 1,800 metres.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

The ripe fruit is eaten fresh, dried, in jelly or candied. They can be used in jellies, preserves, chutney, sauces, and drinks. The unripe fruit are pickled. The ripe fruit are sliced or pounded and sun dried for storage. Young leaves are cooked and eaten. They are also used in soups. Seed kernels are eaten. The roasted seeds are used as a coffee substitute. The fruit are used to make an alcoholic drink. Caution: Alcohol is a cause of cancer.
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Cultivated for its edible fruit; eaten raw, pickled and used in beverages; includes numerous cultivars; an important horticultural crop in some countries. Also used for its timber and in traditional medicines. See e.g. Palejkar et al. (2012), Delfanian et al. (2016), K. Fern, Ziziphus mauritiana in Useful Tropical Plants (accessed 20 February 2022).
Uses animal food bee plant charcoal coffee substitute dye environmental use fodder food fuel invertebrate food material medicinal poison seasoning social use timber vertebrate poison wood
Edible fruits leaves seeds
Therapeutic use Anodyne (unspecified), Antidote (unspecified), Chest (unspecified), Diaphoretic (unspecified), Expectorant (unspecified), Flu (unspecified), Gingivitis (unspecified), Nausea (unspecified), Pregnancy (unspecified), Refrigerant (unspecified), Rheumatism (unspecified), Sedative (unspecified), Soporific (unspecified), Sweetener (unspecified), Tonic (unspecified), Wound (unspecified), Contraceptive (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Blennorrhagia (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Gonorrhea (unspecified), Typhoid (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are grown from seed. The hard seed coat makes them difficult to germinate. The shell can be carefully cracked and seed should be sown fresh. They can be soaked for 50 hours or put in concentrated sulphuric acid for 6 minutes to improve germination. Seed can be sown in plastic bags then transplanted after 18-24 weeks. It does not transplant easily so direct planting is best. Grafting and inarching can be used. It is also budded onto the rootstocks of wild species. Light pruning during the dry dormant season to train the tree is recommended. Regular pruning in the hot dry season encourages new growth. A spacing of 6-12 m is recommended. For larger fruit better varieties are grafted into rootstocks of Ziziphus nummularia or Ziziphus jujuba.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 25 - 42
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Ziziphus mauritiana leaf picture by raul antonio charris caña (cc-by-sa)
Ziziphus mauritiana leaf picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)
Ziziphus mauritiana leaf picture by Augustin Soulard (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Ziziphus mauritiana flower picture by Augustin Soulard (cc-by-sa)
Ziziphus mauritiana flower picture by Augustin Soulard (cc-by-sa)
Ziziphus mauritiana flower picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)

Fruit

Ziziphus mauritiana fruit picture by Amandine Grandjean (cc-by-sa)
Ziziphus mauritiana fruit picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)
Ziziphus mauritiana fruit picture by H M (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Ziziphus mauritiana world distribution map, present in Afghanistan, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Benin, Burkina Faso, Bangladesh, Bahamas, Belize, Brazil, Barbados, Bhutan, Central African Republic, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Algeria, Ethiopia, Guinea, Guadeloupe, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Grenada, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Jamaica, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Saint Lucia, Sri Lanka, Morocco, Madagascar, Mexico, Myanmar, Mozambique, Mauritania, Montserrat, Martinique, Malaysia, Nicaragua, Nepal, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Puerto Rico, Sudan, Senegal, El Salvador, South Sudan, Sao Tome and Principe, Chad, Togo, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Taiwan, Province of China, United States of America, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Viet Nam, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Conservation status

Ziziphus mauritiana threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:719349-1
WFO ID wfo-0000430322
COL ID 5D5ZY
BDTFX ID 125132
INPN ID 445915
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Ziziphus rotundata Ziziphus muratiana Rhamnus jujuba Paliurus mairei Ziziphus tomentosa Sarcomphalus mauritianus Ziziphus orthacantha Ziziphus mauritiana

Lower taxons

Ziziphus mauritiana var. spontanea Ziziphus mauritiana var. pedunculata Ziziphus mauritiana var. pubescens