Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson

Elephant foot yam (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Alismatales > Araceae > Amorphophallus

Characteristics

Tuber dark brown, depressed globose, ca. 20 cm high, to ca. 30 cm in diam., weighing up to ca. 15 kg; root scars prominent, annulate; offsets produced every season, thick and rhizomatous, to ca. 10 × 4 cm. Leaves 1 or 2; petiole background pale to dark green or blackish green, usually with large and small pale blotches and numerous tiny dark dots, large blotches often confluent, especially near base, petiole to ca. 2 m × 20 cm, shallowly corrugate to strongly echinate-verrucate; leaf blade highly dissected, to ca. 3 m in diam.; rachises narrowly or broadly winged almost to base; leaflets abaxially mid-green or pale green, adaxially mid-green, orbicular, oval, ovate, obovate, elliptic, elliptic-oblong, elliptic-lanceolate, or lanceolate, 3-35 × 2-12 cm, apex acuminate. Inflorescence shortly pedunculate; peduncle 3-20 × 1-8 cm, usually paler and more glabrous than petioles. Spathe campanulate, broader than long, 10-45 × 15-60 cm, base and limb often separated by a shallow constriction; limb spreading, background ranging from pale green to dark brown, usually with both large and small, orbicular paler spots, base inside proximal part deep maroon, distal part dirty whitish or very pale pinkish, limb outside as base but with more prominent maroon flushes, especially near margin, limb inside usually glossy dark maroon, strongly undulate, base outside very variable, base within densely verrucate, verrucae variable, mostly conic, fleshy. Spadix giving off a stench of rotting meat, sessile, shorter or longer than spathe, 7-70 cm; female zone cylindric, 3-25 × 1-12 cm, flowers congested or slightly distant; ovary entirely pale green or largely maroon with a whitish base, depressed, orbicular in cross section, 1.5-2.5 mm high, 3-5 mm in diam., 2-or 3-loculed; style maroon, 3-15 mm, slender, 1-1.5 mm in diam.; stigma pale or deep yellow, oval or triangular in cross section, large, 3-5 mm high, 4-7 mm in diam., often strongly laterally compressed, then cordate in longitudinal section, verruculose, shallowly or deeply 2-or 3-lobed, lobes rounded or conic, sometimes with a strong groove on outward side; male zone cylindric or strongly obconic, 2.5-15 cm, 1-10 cm in diam. at base, 1-20 cm in diam. at apex, flowers congested; male flowers consisting of 4-6 stamens; stamens 4-6 mm; filaments ca. 0.5 mm, connate; anthers off-white, cylindric, 3.5-5.5 × ca. 1.5 mm, subtruncate; pollen psilate; appendix very variable, glossy dark maroon, rarely pinkish or yellow, inflated, globose, depressed globose, ovoid, or triangular-conic (pyramidal), 1.5-30 cm, 1.2-30 cm in diam. (slightly above base), minutely granulate, glabrous or with various folds and/or irregular shallow depressions, base often with flattened, staminodal structures, apex obtuse or ± acute. Infructescence long pedunculate; peduncle stretching strongly after fertilization, 20-100 cm, becoming uniformly tan, with very numerous narrow, transverse cracks; fruiting zone cylindric, 10-50 × 3-8 cm. Berries closely set or slightly distant, ripening from green through yellow to bright red, elongate, 1.5-2 cm × 8-10 mm. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Oct-Nov.
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A taro family plant but with a very divided leaf. It grows to 0.75-1 m high. It is a herbaceous plant with rough and mottled leaf stalks. It has a straight stem and the leaf is divided into leaflets. The leaves can be 1 m in width. The leaves usually come singly from the ground. The leaf blades are divided into many lobes. The leaflets can be 3-35 cm long and 2-13 cm wide. The flower stalk can be 3-20 cm long. The bract around the flower is bell shaped and fluted. It can be 60 cm across. The edge is curved back and wavy. The flower is dull purple and up to 30 cm across. It can be 70 cm long. The flower gives of a bad smell like rotting meat and this attracts flies. The flower only develops after the leaves have died off. The leaves and corms especially in the wild varieties contain many stinging crystals. Edible kinds have a smooth petiole. It has a large round tuber up to 25 cm across. The large round underground corm produces small corms around the side. These can be 10 cm long. These are usually used for planting.
Robust to massive geophytic herb; corm hemispheric, to c. 50 cm diam., sometimes with irregular offsets. Leaf to c. 1.3 m tall; petiole copiously warty, green, mottled pale greygreen; rachises and ultimate rachillas densely leaflet-bearing; leaflets with close-spaced primary venation. Inflorescence on a short peduncle, briefly with a powerful odour of rotting flesh; spathe campanulate, to 60 cm tall and across (usually less in Australia), basally brownish green and mottled, distally purplish within; spadix subsessile, shorter than spathe; female zone with numerous close-spaced pistils with prominent stigmas on long styles; stamens close-packed, bright yellow; appendix much inflated, almost hollow, purple, irregularly bluntly conic; female zone and peduncle much elongating in fruit. Fruits elliptic, ripening red through yellow in a basipetal sequence.
It is quite distinct from the native East African species in the subglobose to broadly conic, coarsely furrowed and crumpled spadix appendix, surrounded by a campaniform purple spathe.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality monoecy
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 0.75 - 0.78
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It occurs mainly in seasonally dry areas and grassland up to 800 m altitude in equatorial zones. It requires an average temperature of 25-35°C and rainfall of 1000-1500 mm during the growing season. Soils need to be well drained as it cannot stand waterlogging. It occurs widely around the Philippines in low altitude places especially where people have cleared the forest. It is common in Indonesia and Vietnam. In XTBG Yunnan.
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Loose leafy detritus in moist shady habitats. Tropical conditions in secondary forests, shrub forests and grasslands in arid valley areas at elevations below 750 metres.
Loose leafy detritus in moist shady habitats. Tropical conditions in secondary forests, shrub forests and grasslands in arid valley areas at elevations below 750 metres.
Light 4-8
Soil humidity 5-7
Soil texture 2-4
Soil acidity 3-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-11

Usage

The corm is cooked and eaten. In some kinds it is burned and smashed with salt and eaten with rice. The young unopened leaves are edible cooked. The young petioles or leaf stalks are eaten cooked. They are often eaten with fish. They are also used in soup. The harvested stalks can only be stored for about one week.
Uses animal food coffee substitute food gene source medicinal poison social use wood
Edible leaves roots stems tubers
Therapeutic use Diarrhea (leaf), Dysmenorrhea (leaf), Scorpion stings (leaf), Endophthalmitis (root), Furunculosis (root), Menstruation-inducing agents (root), Antirheumatic agents (seed), Bronchitis (seed), Edema (seed), Rheumatic diseases (seed), Abortifacient agents (stem), Antiemetics (stem), Antirheumatic agents (stem), Appetite stimulants (stem), Asthma (stem), Cough (stem), Dysentery (stem), Dyspnea (stem), Elephantiasis (stem), Expectorants (stem), Flatulence (stem), Hemorrhage (stem), Hemorrhoids (stem), Prostatic hyperplasia (stem), Rectal diseases (stem), General tonic for rejuvenation (stem), Rheumatic diseases (stem), Scabies (stem), Snake bites (stem), Splenic diseases (stem), Abdominal neoplasms (tuber), Antirheumatic agents (tuber), Appetite stimulants (tuber), Asthma (tuber), Bronchitis (tuber), Dysentery (tuber), Elephantiasis (tuber), Expectorants (tuber), Flatulence (tuber), Hemagglutination (tuber), Hemorrhage (tuber), Hemorrhoids (tuber), Migraine disorders (tuber), Neck pain (tuber), Pregnancy complications (tuber), General tonic for rejuvenation (tuber), Splenomegaly (tuber), Ache(Ear) (unspecified), Arrow-poison (unspecified), Cholera (unspecified), Constipation (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Hemorrhage (unspecified), Megalospleny (unspecified), Neuralgia (unspecified), Piles (unspecified), Pimple (unspecified), Rinderpest (unspecified), Swelling (unspecified), Throat (unspecified), Tumor(Abdomen) (unspecified), Anodyne (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Laxative (unspecified), Pleurisy (unspecified), Pneumonia (unspecified), Puerperium (unspecified), Septicemia (unspecified), Asthma (unspecified), Bite(Snake) (unspecified), Emmenagogue (unspecified), Spasm (unspecified), Stimulant (unspecified), Abdominal pain (unspecified), Abortifacient agents (unspecified), Acne vulgaris (unspecified), Amenorrhea (unspecified), Anemia (unspecified), Anorexia (unspecified), Anthelmintics (unspecified), Anti-inflammatory agents (unspecified), Antirheumatic agents (unspecified), Aphrodisiacs (unspecified), Appetite stimulants (unspecified), Arthralgia (unspecified), Asthenia (unspecified), Bronchitis (unspecified), Colic (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Digestive system diseases (unspecified), Dysmenorrhea (unspecified), Dyspepsia (unspecified), Dyspnea (unspecified), Earache (unspecified), Disorder of ejaculation (unspecified), Elephantiasis (unspecified), Endophthalmitis (unspecified), Expectorants (unspecified), Fatigue (unspecified), Flatulence (unspecified), Furunculosis (unspecified), Helminthiasis (unspecified), Hemorrhoids (unspecified), Hemostasis (unspecified), Hypertension (unspecified), Inflammation (unspecified), Leishmaniasis, visceral (unspecified), Liver diseases (unspecified), Menstruation-inducing agents (unspecified), Neoplasms (unspecified), Pain (unspecified), Parasympatholytics (unspecified), Pharyngitis (unspecified), General tonic for rejuvenation (unspecified), Sepsis (unspecified), Splenic diseases (unspecified), Splenomegaly (unspecified), Vomiting (unspecified), Hemorrhoids (whole plant), Stroke (whole plant)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

The cormels are planted. Seeds will grow but flowers need hand pollination. Small corms from around the side are the normal part planted. If a very small corm is planted, the plant may need to grow for several seasons to produce a large yield. Setts or small cormels of 200 g are suitable for use planted at 30 cm x 30 cm spacing and produce seed corms of about 500 g. Larger corms take 3-4 years to produce. This is achieved by digging up corms and replanting next season. Each crop takes about 8 months to mature. Corms are planted 15 cm deep. Spacing is increased between plants in successive years of growth. After harvest, the corm needs to be kept for a few months before it is ready to produce a new shoot and re-grow.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) 1
Optimum temperature (C°) 28 - 35
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Amorphophallus paeoniifolius leaf picture by Arben Virgota, S.Pi., M.Si. - (cc-by-sa)
Amorphophallus paeoniifolius leaf picture by Syaifudin Syaifudin Zuhri (cc-by-sa)
Amorphophallus paeoniifolius leaf picture by Arben Virgota, S.Pi., M.Si. - (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Amorphophallus paeoniifolius flower picture by nat joannot (cc-by-sa)
Amorphophallus paeoniifolius flower picture by Bakri Nanilette (cc-by-sa)
Amorphophallus paeoniifolius flower picture by EMHADE ARMAN ERHAQIM ERHAQIM (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Amorphophallus paeoniifolius fruit picture by geda chaitanya (cc-by-sa)
Amorphophallus paeoniifolius fruit picture by Planter King (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Amorphophallus paeoniifolius world distribution map, present in Andorra, Australia, Bangladesh, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Moldova (Republic of), Madagascar, Myanmar, Philippines, Seychelles, Thailand, Taiwan, Province of China, Viet Nam, and Samoa

Conservation status

Amorphophallus paeoniifolius threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60444138-2
WFO ID wfo-0000965117
COL ID CXJ6
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 447715
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Arum campanulatum Arum decurrens Arum phalliferum Plesmonium nobile Arum rumphii Pythion campanulatum Candarum roxburghii Candarum rumphii Conophallus giganteus Conophallus sativus Candarum hookeri Dracontium paeoniifolium Amorphophallus campanulatus Amorphophallus decurrens Amorphophallus dubius Amorphophallus giganteus Amorphophallus malaccensis Amorphophallus rex Amorphophallus sativus Amorphophallus virosus Amorphophallus campanulatus f. darnleyensis Dracontium polyphyllum Dracontium polyphyllum Amorphophallus chatty Amorphophallus dixenii Amorphophallus gigantiflorus Amorphophallus micro-appendiculatus Amorphophallus rex Amorphophallus campanulatus var. blumei Amorphophallus paeoniifolius var. campanulatus Kunda verrucosa Arum rumphii Hydrosme gigantiflora Amorphophallus paeoniifolius