Annona reticulata L.

Custard apple (en), Coeur de boeuf (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Magnoliales > Annonaceae > Annona

Characteristics

Trees to 6 m tall, evergreen. Branchlets grayish sericeous, glabrescent. Axillary leaf buds ovoid, apex obtuse. Petiole 1-1.5 cm; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 9-30 × 2-7 cm, papery, pubescent when young but glabrescent, secondary veins 9-18 on each side of midvein, forming an angle of 30°-60° with midvein, and flat, base cuneate to obtuse and slightly decurrent onto petiole, apex acuminate. Inflorescences leaf-opposed or internodal, cymose, several flowered. Flower buds lanceolate, apex obtuse. Sepals ovate, 2-3 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Petals yellowish green; outer petals oblong-lanceolate, fleshy, outside puberulent, inside glabrous; inner petals absent. Stamens oblong, 1-1.3 mm; connectives apically subtruncate. Carpels oblong, villous; stigmas muriculate. Syncarp turning yellow to reddish, spherical to ovoid, 5-12.5 cm in diam.; areoles ± flat, separated by a reticulation of often raised ridges; pulp yellowish. Seeds blackish brown. Fl. Nov-Feb, fr. Mar-Jun. 2n = 14.
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Tree to 8 (–10) m high. Shoots and branchlets pubescent, glabrescent. Leaves: petiole 8–15 mm long; lamina narrowly elliptic to lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 9–20 (–30) cm long, 2–7 cm wide, acute or obtuse, shortly decurrent at base, acuminate at apex, glabrescent; secondary veins 10–15 pairs. Flowers several from internodal cymes, rarely leaf-opposed; pedicel 1.5–2.5 cm long, pubescent; submedial bract 1–1.5 mm long. Sepals depressed-ovate, 2–3 mm long, acuminate, pubescent. Petals pale green outside, yellowish with a crimson base inside. Outer petals narrowly ovate or oblong, 15–20 mm long, 10–12 mm wide, pubescent with pale brown hairs; inner petals minute scales or absent. Stamens 1–1.3 mm long. Carpels partially connate. Syncarp ovoid to heart-shaped or subglobular, to 12 cm long and wide, yellow brown to reddish brown; surface reticulately ridged around flat areoles or nearly smooth. Seeds 8–11 mm long, 5–6 mm wide. See also Du Puy (1993: 64).
A small tree up to 7.5 m tall. It has several branches near the base. Trees loose their leaves at some times of the year. New shoots have short brown hairs but older wood is smooth and shiny. The leaves are long and spear shaped with short leaf stalks. Around the edge of the leaf is a clear edge. The leaves smell when crushed. Flowers are greenish yellow. They occur in groups where the leaves join the stalk. Flowers occur on new wood growth. The fruit are reddish brown in colour and 10-12 cm across. There is a fine hexagonal pattern over the fruit. Inside there are large brown seeds. The fruit are edible but the seeds are not eaten.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 2.0
Mature height (meter) 6.1 - 7.95
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 0.9
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It occurs in the tropical lowlands and grows up to at least 1200 m altitude. In Colombia it grows between 500-1,900 m above sea level. It can grow on poorer soils with different levels of acidity. It cannot stand water-logging. It suits humid climates. It is less suited to dry climates. It can grow in arid places. In Nepal it grows to 900 m altitude. It suits hardiness zones 10-12. In Yunnan. In Brisbane Botanical Gardens.
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Not known in a truly wild location. Moist or dry thickets and forest, often in second growth, common in cultivation, chiefly at elevations of 1,200 metres or less in Guatemala.
Recorded from rainforest, notophyll vine forest, coastal vine forest, disturbed open forest near river, creek banks, farm properties.
Light 6-8
Soil humidity 3-6
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-11

Usage

Widely cultivated in tropics with somewhat seasonal climate for fruit. The creamy, slightly granular, sweet flesh may be eaten raw or used in milkshakes, custard and other puddings. This species is reputed to have many medicinal uses.
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The ripe fruit is eaten fresh. They are also used for preserves, drinks, ice cream, custards and other desserts CAUTION: The seed kernel is poisonous.
Uses dye environmental use fiber fodder food gene source insecticide material medicinal non-vertebrate poison poison tanning wood
Edible fruits seeds stems
Therapeutic use Spasm (aerial part), Anthelmintics (bark), Astringents (bark), Breast neoplasms (bark), Colonic neoplasms (bark), Dysentery (bark), Lung neoplasms (bark), General tonic for rejuvenation (bark), Kidney Aid (flower), Anthelmintics (fruit), Astringents (fruit), Diarrhea (fruit), Dysentery (fruit), Fever (fruit), Insect repellents (fruit), Lice infestations (fruit), Splenomegaly (fruit), Vomiting (fruit), Anthelmintics (leaf), Antifungal agents (leaf), Flatulence (leaf), Inflammation (leaf), Insecticides (leaf), Neoplasms (leaf), Suppuration (leaf), Toothache (leaf), Abortifacient agents (seed), Anthelmintics (seed), Astringents (seed), Conjunctivitis (seed), Diarrhea (seed), Dysentery (seed), Insecticides (seed), Cardiotonic agents (stem), Heart diseases (stem), Parasympatholytics (stem), Astringent (unspecified), Convulsion (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Epilepsy (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Hepatomegaly (unspecified), Inflammation (unspecified), Insecticide (unspecified), Pectoral (unspecified), Pediculicide (unspecified), Spasm (unspecified), Tonic (unspecified), Toothache (unspecified), Tumor (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Boil (unspecified), Poison (unspecified), Parasympatholytics (whole plant excluding root)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are normally grown from seeds. Seedling trees vary quite a bit. Seedlings are easy to transplant. A spacing of 4-7 m is suitable. Better kinds can be grown using budding or grafting.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment soaking
Minimum temperature (C°) -7
Optimum temperature (C°) 23 - 27
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Annona reticulata habit picture by José Martí Rosales Rodríguez (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Annona reticulata leaf picture by Shehadi Ramiz (cc-by-sa)
Annona reticulata leaf picture by Shehadi Ramiz (cc-by-sa)
Annona reticulata leaf picture by Matthieu Gebus (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Annona reticulata flower picture by Álvarez Leonardo (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Annona reticulata fruit picture by dominoel dominoel (cc-by-sa)
Annona reticulata fruit picture by Rayhaane Balbolia (cc-by-sa)
Annona reticulata fruit picture by Cédric Guillemin (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Annona reticulata world distribution map, present in Australia, Brazil, China, India, Kenya, and Pakistan

Conservation status

Annona reticulata threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:72295-1
WFO ID wfo-0000537905
COL ID 5V4DN
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 446900
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Annona primigenia Annona laevis Annona riparia Annona humboldtiana Annona humboldtii Annona lutescens Annona excelsa Annona longifolia Annona reticulata var. primigenia Annona reticulata