Annona senegalensis Pers.

Wild custard-apple (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Magnoliales > Annonaceae > Annona

Characteristics

Shrub or small tree (0.8–) 1.5–10m. tall; bark grey-brown, often rough and corrugated; young stems mostly ferruginous velvety to greyish tomentose, at length glabrous; leaf-bases and scars mostly prominent, often with raised lines decurrent beneath them.. Leaf-blades oblong to ovate or elliptic, (4–)6–18.5(–34) cm. long, 2.5–11.5(–26) cm. wide, obtuse or apiculate to rounded or slightly emarginate at the apex, cuneate or truncate to cordate at the base, papery to coriaceous, glabrous or sparsely pubescent above save for hairy midrib, glabrescent to thickly ferruginous velvety beneath; venation reticulate beneath; petiole (0.5–)1–2(–2.5) cm. long, glabrous to velvety tomentose.. Flowers solitary or in fascicles of 2–4, extra-axillary; pedicels 1–2.7 cm. long, tomentose; bracteoles 1–2 or wanting, small.. Sepals ovate-triangular, 3–4 mm. long, 4–5 mm. wide, obtuse to acute, pubescent or tomentose outside, glabrous inside.. Petals greenish outside, creamy to yellowish or pinkish within, sometimes blotched with purple, or crimson blotched at base inside, fleshy; outer broadly ovate, 0.8–1.2(–1.5) cm. long, 0.9–1.1 cm. wide, obtuse, adpressed greyish or yellowish pubescent outside, glabrous or minutely papillose within; inner narrowly oblong, trigonous, 0.8–1 cm. long, 2.5–3 mm. wide.. Stamens linear, 1.7–2.5 mm. long; anther-cells equal or unequal at the base; connective-prolongation obliquely capitate, minutely papillose.. Carpels cylindric, 1–1.5 mm. long, glabrescent.. Fruiting stalks 1.5–5 cm. long; fruits yellow or orange, ovoid or globose, 2.5–5 cm. long, 2.5–4 cm. wide; areoles slightly raised, very obtuse, glabrescent.. Seeds numerous, orange-brown, cylindric, oblong or obovate-oblong, compressed, 0.8–1.4 cm. long, 4–6(–8.5) mm. wide, 3.5–5 mm. thick; aril fibrillated, ± 2 mm. long.
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Shrub or small tree (0.8-)1.5-10 m tall; bark grey-brown, often rough and corrugated; young stems mostly ferruginous velvety to greyish tomentose, at length glabrous; leaf-bases and scars mostly prominent, often with raised lines decurrent beneath them. Leaf-blades oblong to ovate or elliptic, (4-)6-18.5(-34) cm long, 2.5-11.5(-26) cm wide, obtuse or apiculate to rounded or slightly emarginate at the apex, cuneate or truncate to cordate at the base, papery to coriaceous, glabrous or sparsely pubescent above save for hairy midrib, glabrescent to thickly ferruginous velvety beneath; venation reticulate beneath; petiole (0.5-)1-2(-2.5) cm long, glabrous to velvety tomentose. Flowers solitary or in fascicles of 2-4, extra-axillary; pedicels 1-2.7 cm long, tomentose; bracteoles 1-2 or wanting, small. Sepals ovate-triangular, 3-4 mm long, 4-5 mm wide, obtuse to acute, pubescent or tomentose outside, glabrous inside. Petals greenish outside, creamy to yellowish or pinkish within, sometimes blotched with purple, or crimson blotched at base inside, fleshy; outer broadly ovate, 0.8-1.2(-1.5) cm long, 0.9-1.1 cm wide, obtuse, adpressed greyish or yellowish pubescent outside, glabrous or minutely papillose within; inner narrowly oblong, trigonous, 0.8-1 cm long, 2.5-3 mm wide. Stamens linear, 1.7-2.5 mm long; anther-cells equal or unequal at the base; connective-prolongation obliquely capitate, minutely papillose. Carpels cylindric, 1-1.5 mm long, glabrescent. Fruiting stalks 1.5-5 cm long; fruits yellow or orange, ovoid or globose, 2.5-5 cm long, 2.5-4 cm wide; areoles slightly raised, very obtuse, glabrescent. Seeds numerous, orange-brown, cylindric, oblong or obovate-oblong, compressed, 0.8-1.4 cm long, 4-6(-8.5) mm wide, 3.5-5 mm thick; aril fibrillated, ± 2 mm long.
A shrubby tree which looses its leaves during the year. It grows to 2-6 m high. The bark is grey and smooth. The young stems are hairy and orange. The older bark becomes thick and folded. It peels off to expose paler patches. The leaves are oval and blue-green. They are 18 cm long. They are curved like a spoon. Under the leaf is hairy. The leaves have a peculiar smell when crushed. The flowers are yellow green. They occur as one to three together hanging down below the twigs. The fruit is rounded and 2-7 cm across. It is smooth but divided like lots of small parts fused together. It is green when unripe and turns orange-yellow when ripe. It has a smell like a pineapple. It has many seeds. They are pale brown. The sweet pulp around the seeds is edible.
Leaves petiolate; lamina 6–18.5 (30) x 3–11.5 (21) cm., oblong to ovate or elliptic, obtuse or apiculate to rounded or slightly emarginate at the apex, cordate to truncate or cuneate at the base, chartaceous to coriaceous (more rarely membranous), yellowish-or glaucous-green and ± sparsely puberulous or more rarely glabrous above, paler or glaucous and densely sericeous-tomentose to glabrescent below, with green to reddish-purple nerves and densely reticulate venation prominent below; petiole (5) 10–20 (25) mm. long, densely tomentose to glabrous.
Petals greenish outside, yellow to cream within, fleshy, the outer ones 8–12 (15) mm. long, broadly ovate, concave, obtuse, shortly and densely greyish-or yellowish-appressed-pubescent outside, glabrous, or minutely papillose within, the inner ones somewhat shorter, narrowly oblong, almost triquetrous.
Branches cylindric or with opposite pairs of raised lines decurrent from the leaf-bases, ± densely brown-to yellow– or greyish-tomentose at first, eventually glabrous.
Stamens 1.75–2.5 mm. long, linear, with thecae equal or unequal at the base; connective-prolongation obliquely capitate and minutely papillose; filament ± cuneate.
Flowers solitary or rarely 2–4-fasciculate, extra-axillary, erect or ± deflexed; pedicels 10–20 mm. long, shortly tomentose; bracteoles 0–1 (2), small.
Fruit on a pedicel 15–30 mm. long, erector spreading; syncarp 2.5–5 x 2.5–3 cm., ovoid or globose, obtusely squamose, glabrescent, orange or yellow.
Sepals 3–4 mm. long, ovate-triangular, obtuse to acute, pubescent or tomentose outside, glabrous within.
Seeds numerous, c. 10 mm. long, cylindric or ± flattened, orange-brown; aril pectinate.
Carpels c. 1–1.5 mm. long, cylindric, glabrescent; stigmas subclavate.
Shrub or small tree, 1.5–8 (10) m. high.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 3.75 - 6.5
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It grows in the lowlands. It is found throughout Africa. It grows in tropical and warm regions. It grows in semi arid to sub humid regions. It grows in the Sahel. It grows in miombo woodland. The young trees need light shade. They need well drained soil. It is a tree of the savannah regions. It grows in the lowlands. It is best with a temperature range of 17-30°C and a rainfall of 700-2,500 mm per year. It can grow in arid places. It is best with a pH between 5.5-7. In Malawi it grows below 1,200 m altitude. In Kenya it grows from sea level to 1,750 m above sea level. In Brisbane Botanical Gardens.
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Dry open woodland, bush and grassland, from sea level to 1,500 metres (2,400 metres in E. Africa). Riverbanks, fallow land and swamp forests in semi-arid to subhumid regions. Often as a single plant in the understorey of savannah woodlands.
Light 7-9
Soil humidity -
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-9

Usage

The flower buds are eaten. They are used in soups and as a flavouring. They can be dried and stored. The flesh of the ripe fruit is eaten fresh. It has a pleasant taste. They are also used for jam and drinks. The fruit can be dried. The young leaves are edible cooked.
Uses animal food dye environmental use essential oil fiber fodder food food additive fuel gene source material medicinal non-vertebrate poison poison seasoning social use vertebrate poison wood
Edible flowers fruits leaves roots stems
Therapeutic use Medicine (unspecified), Ache(Stomach) (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

It is grown from fresh seeds. It is probably best to grow seedlings in a nursery and then to transplant them. Seed grow easily but not all at the same time. There are 2,500-3,000 seeds per kg. Seed can only be easily stored for 6 months. Plants can be cut back and allowed to re-grow. Plants can be grown by root suckers.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 17 - 30
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Annona senegalensis leaf picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)
Annona senegalensis leaf picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)
Annona senegalensis leaf picture by Jean-Marie Ronquy (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Annona senegalensis fruit picture by Muhammad Ahmad Bakari (cc-by-sa)
Annona senegalensis fruit picture by Jean-Marie Ronquy (cc-by-sa)
Annona senegalensis fruit picture by Jean-Marie Ronquy (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Annona senegalensis world distribution map, present in Brazil and South Africa

Conservation status

Annona senegalensis threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:72309-1
WFO ID wfo-0000537928
COL ID 66SD2
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 807198
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Annona porpetac Annona arenaria Annona chrysophylla Annona senegalensis var. deltoides Annona senegalensis var. latifolia Annona senegalensis var. porpetac Annona chrysophylla var. porpetac Annona senegalensis var. porpetac Annona senegalensis subsp. senegalensis Annona senegalensis

Lower taxons

Annona senegalensis subsp. oulotricha