Asplenium nidus L.

Hawai'i birdnest fern (en), Asplénie (fr)

Species

Pteridophytes > Polypodiales > Aspleniaceae > Asplenium

Characteristics

Plants 1-1.2 m tall. Rhizome erect, thick and short, woody, apex scaly; scales dark to purplish brown, narrowly triangular to linear-subulate, margin ciliate to fimbriate. Fronds caespitose; stipe pale brown, up to 5 cm, woody, when dry semiterete abaxially, base densely scaly; lamina lanceolate, 90-120 × (8-) 9-15 cm, gradually decurrent on stipe, base cuneate, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate. Midrib raised and semiterete on upper adaxial side but flat abaxially, subglabrous, grayish to pale brown; veinlets simple or forked, parallel and connected at their apex to marginal vein. Fronds papery or thinly leathery, when dry grayish green, glabrous. Sori linear, 3-5 cm, on acroscopic side of veinlets, running from near their base up to 1/2 of their length; basal part of lamina usually sterile; indusia brownish, linear, thickly membranous, entire, persistent. Spores with lophate (costate to cristate) perispore. Plants sexual tetraploid: 2n = 144.
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Ferns with nest-like habit. Rhizome erect, scaly, unbranched with a single growing point; scales narrowly triangular, c. 1–2 cm long, with a filiform apex, cell walls dark brown. Fronds spreading horizontally before arising in a regular rosette. Stipe indistinct, 1–5 cm long, 5–8 mm wide. Rachis in cross-section prominent and often 2-angled on upper surface, flat or only slightly rounded below. Lamina narrowly obovate, simple, 90–150 cm long, 8.5–25 cm wide, shiny green and ± glabrous; bases narrowly cuneate; margins entire; apices acute; veins free except for a marginal connection. Sori very numerous, close together; longest sori 18–40 mm long, extending from midrib, usually occupying less than half width of lamina. Perispores pale with fimbriate broad ridges and fenestrate lacunae; exospores 42.9–47.8 × 28.3–32.2 µm (means).
An evergreen fern. It grows to 1.5 m high and spreads 3 m across. It can grow by feeding on other plants. It forms nest like bowls on the upper side of branches. The underground thickened horizontal stem is dark brown and short. It is covered with blackish scales. The roots are hairy. The fronds grow out from a central point so that the fern forms rounded tussocks. The fronds are simple and entire and sword shape. The fronds can be 2 m long and up to 20 cm wide. They are dark or yellowish green. They have a raised, bluntly rounded mid vein.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support epiphyte
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality -
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 1.0
Mature height (meter) 1.15 - 1.35
Root system rhizome
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color -
Blooming months -
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a tropical plant. It grows in well drained moist soils. It prefers a well protected partly shaded position but not heavy shade. It is drought and frost tender. It occurs on many atolls. It suits hardiness zones 10-12. Mt Cootha Botanical Gardens. In Brisbane Botanical Garden as Asplenium antiquum.
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Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks in complex mesophyll rainforest or lowland dry vine forests with sclerophyll emergents.
An epiphytic plant, sometimes growing on rocks, at elevations from sea level to 1,200 metres.
Light 4-6
Soil humidity 4-7
Soil texture 5-7
Soil acidity 2-6
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-12

Usage

In the Caroline Islands and Marshall Islands young leaves are eaten. They are used for soup. Also in India. They are an emergency food in famines in China.
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Asplenium nidus features on a Christmas Island $1.10 postage stamp as part of a 1989 Christmas Island Ferns Set.
Uses environmental use food material medicinal social use
Edible fronds leaves
Therapeutic use Dermatological Aid (leaf), Tuberculosis Remedy (leaf), Oral Aid (shoot), Pediatric Aid (shoot), Strengthener (shoot), Debility (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Halitosis (unspecified), Labor (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Asthma (unspecified), Shampoo (unspecified), Hypnotics and sedatives (unspecified), Depurative (unspecified), Antiprotozoal agents (whole plant excluding root), Hypotension (whole plant excluding root)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from spores. It can also be grown from rhizome cuttings.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) 1
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Asplenium nidus habit picture by MUH. IDRIS (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Asplenium nidus leaf picture by Brad Rees (cc-by-sa)
Asplenium nidus leaf picture by Chee Keong Chan (cc-by-sa)
Asplenium nidus leaf picture by Gyuri Nyitrai (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Asplenium nidus world distribution map, present in Argentina, American Samoa, Australia, Bangladesh, China, Fiji, Micronesia (Federated States of), Guam, Indonesia, Japan, Kiribati, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Sri Lanka, Marshall Islands, Northern Mariana Islands, Niue, Philippines, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Taiwan, Province of China, United States of America, Viet Nam, Vanuatu, and Samoa

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17048040-1
WFO ID wfo-0001108020
COL ID HKZS
BDTFX ID 120647
INPN ID 446409
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Neottopteris elliptica Neottopteris ovata Neottopteris stenocarpa Thamnopteris nidus Neottopteris vulgaris Asplenium curtisorum Asplenium ellipticum Neottopteris nidus Neottopteris musaefolia Asplenium ficifolium Asplenium nidus var. nidus Asplenium nidus