Barbarea verna (Mill.) Asch.

Normandy cress (en), Cresson de jardin (fr), Barbarée du printemps (fr), Barbarée printanière (fr), Barbarée précoce (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Brassicales > Brassicaceae > Barbarea

Characteristics

Biennials or, rarely, perennials; mostly glabrous, except blade auricles ciliate. Stems (1-)2.5-8 dm. Basal leaves: petiole (0.5-) 1-6(-8) cm; blade pinnatifid to pinnatisect, 1.5-11 cm, lobes (3-)6-10 on each side, lateral lobes oblong or ovate, 0.4-3 cm × 1-10 mm, not fleshy, margins entire, terminal lobe considerably larger than lateral ones, 1-5 cm × 10-350 mm. Cauline leaves: blade pinnatisect, lateral lobes 1-4, (oblong to lanceolate), margins often entire, rarely coarsely toothed; conspicuously auriculate, auricles ovate or narrowly oblong, (to 10 × 4 mm, margins entire). Fruiting pedicels divaricate to ascending, (2-)3-6(-7) mm, terete, stout (almost as broad as fruit). Flowers: sepals 3-5 × 0.7-1.5 mm, lateral pair slightly saccate basally, margins scarious; petals yellow or pale yellow, oblanceolate to spatulate, (5-)6-7(-8.5) × 1.5-3 mm, base cuneate, apex truncate or emarginate; filaments 3-5 mm; anthers 0.8-1.2 mm; ovules (34-)38-48(-52) per ovary; gynophore to 0.3 mm. Fruits erect to ascending, not appressed to rachis, torulose, subterete to slightly latiseptate, (4.5-)5.3-7(-8) cm × 1.5-2 mm; style stout, 0.2-1(-2) mm. Seeds dark brown, somewhat plump, oblong or quadrate, 1.8-2.5 × 1.4-1.6 mm. 2n = 16.
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Biennial, sometimes short-lived perennial. Stems branched above, (20)-40-60-(90) cm tall. Rosette lvs deeply lyrate-pinnatifid, sparsely hairy, especially on petiole and margins, or glabrous, (3)-7-25 × (1)-2-6 cm; terminal lobe ovate to oblong; lateral lobes in (4)-5-8 or more pairs, the distal pair usually > width of terminal lobe; margins entire, sinuate, toothed or lobed. Upper stem lvs deeply pinnatifid with deflexed lobes at base; terminal lobe narrow-oblong or cuneiform, usually 3-lobed or 3-fid; lateral lobes in (1)-2 pairs, linear. Racemes to 30 cm tall; pedicels erecto-patent at fruiting, c. 5 mm long. Sepals glabrous, 3-4 × 0.8-1.5 mm. Petals 6-8 × 2-3 mm. Silique erecto-patent, (30)-40-70 × 1.5-2.5 mm; style 1-1.5 mm long.
Erect biennial herbs up to 75 cm high, glabrous or nearly so. Basal leaves in a rosette, 5-20 cm long, pinnate, 6-10-jugate; lateral lobes broad, short, rounded, entire or sinuate; terminal lobe larger, ovate to subcircular, its base somewhat cordate. Lower stem haves with 5-7 pairs of narrower, ± oblong lobes. Upper stem leaves with a few narrow lobes, sessile. Flowers small; petals 5-7 mm long, narrowly obovate, bright yellow. Siliquae 3-7 cm long, 1.5-2 mm in diameter, linear, ascending-arcuate on stout pedicels 4-8 mm long; style 1-2 mm long. Seeds oval, ±2.5 x 1.2 mm.
Erect, 3–8 dm, peppery; lower lvs oblong, to 2 dm, with 4–10 pairs of ovate, repand lateral lobes; cauline lvs smaller, with 3–8 pairs of oblong to linear, mostly entire lateral lobes; pet 6–8 mm; mature pedicels 3.5–7 × 1.2–1.8 mm; frs widely ascending, straight or nearly so, 4.5–7 cm, the beak 1–2.5 mm; 2n=16. Native of Eurasia, naturalized in damp soil, fields, roadsides, etc. from Nf. to Wash., s. to Fla. and Calif. Apr.–June. (Campe v.)
Biennial herb, 0.3-0.9 m high, erect, glabrous or puberulous. Leaves: basal leaves rosulate, pinnate, 6-10-jugate, lateral lobes short, broad, rounded, margins entire or sinuate, terminal lobes larger, ovate to subcircular; lower cauline leaves in 5-7 pairs, oblong, upper ones sessile, few, lobes narrow. Flowers small. Petals 5-7 mm long, obovate, bright yellow. Fruit a linear siliqua, ascending-arcuate, on stout pedicels. Seeds oval.
A cabbage family herb. The leaves are dark smooth and shiny. They come from the ground in many stemmed rings. Each stem has leaflets arranged in 2 rows. There is a large rounded leaflet at the end. The flowering stem can be 60 cm high. The flowers are bright yellow. The seed pods are narrow and like a cylinder. There is a short point at the end.
Biennial to 75 cm tall, erect, usually glabrous. Basal leaves lyrate-pinnatisect with 5–10 pairs of lateral lobes, petiolate. Sepals erect, to 3 mm long. Petals 5–7 mm long. Siliqua linear 30–70 mm long, 1.5–2 mm wide; style persistent 1–2 mm long; pedicels curved, spreading, stout, 4–8 mm long. Seeds elliptic, 2.5 mm long.
Life form biennial
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread barochory
Mature width (meter) 0.1 - 0.5
Mature height (meter) 0.3 - 0.5
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a temperate plant. It will grows in the hills in Malaysia. In Haiti it occurs at 1600 m. In Argentina it grows from sea level to 600 m above sea level. Tasmania Herbarium.
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Waste and cultivated ground.
Light 4-9
Soil humidity 4-6
Soil texture 2-5
Soil acidity 3-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 6-8

Usage

The leaves can be eaten in salads. They can be cooked but lose their bulk with cooking. The young flowers can be eaten at bud stage. The seeds can be used for flavouring. The sprouted seeds are eaten in salads.
Uses food gene source medicinal
Edible leaves seeds
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are grown from seeds. It easily self seeds.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) 5 - 10
Germination temperacture (C°) 21
Germination luminosity light
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -23
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Barbarea verna habit picture by Josh M (cc-by-sa)
Barbarea verna habit picture by Yves SPM (cc-by-sa)
Barbarea verna habit picture by William Coville (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Barbarea verna leaf picture by sirmio62 (cc-by-sa)
Barbarea verna leaf picture by Josh M (cc-by-sa)
Barbarea verna leaf picture by Christina Root (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Barbarea verna flower picture by Laurence Chabalier (cc-by-sa)
Barbarea verna flower picture by ciro3 (cc-by-sa)
Barbarea verna flower picture by Denis Haton (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Barbarea verna fruit picture by Simon Allison (cc-by-sa)
Barbarea verna fruit picture by Mallol Camprubí Albert (cc-by-sa)
Barbarea verna fruit picture by Cook Kim (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Barbarea verna world distribution map, present in Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, New Zealand, United States of America, and South Africa

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1109261-2
WFO ID wfo-0000560062
COL ID KM6R
BDTFX ID 9175
INPN ID 85555
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Campe verna Erysimum tenuifolium Erysimum vernum Barbarea australis Barbarea patula Barbarea praecox Campe praecox Crucifera praecox Erysimum praecox Barbarea brevistyla Barbarea longisiliqua Barbarea erysimoides Barbarea verna