Bischofia javanica Blume

Javanese bishopwood (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Malpighiales > Phyllanthaceae > Bischofia

Characteristics

Tree 4–15 m. tall, with a narrow crown and drooping branches; bark brown, slightly scaly; wood very soft.. Twigs sparingly lenticellate; shoots, petioles and petiolules glabrous.. Petioles 9–17 cm. long, pulvinate at the base; median petiolules 3.5–5 cm. long, laterals 0.5–2 cm. long; leaflets 3(–5), elliptic-ovate to elliptic-obovate, (5–)7–14 cm. long, 3–9 cm. wide, the laterals slightly asymmetrical and smaller than the terminal, acutely or subacutely and often abruptly acuminate at apex, cuneate or rounded at base, crenate-serrate, firmly membranaceous to chartaceous, lateral nerves 7–9(–11), not or scarcely prominent above, slightly so beneath, weakly brochidodromous and reticulate towards the margin, tertiary nerves reticulate, glabrous above, sparingly puberulous at least along the midrib and otherwise ± glabrous beneath, dark green and somewhat shiny above, paler and duller beneath.. Stipules lanceolate to triangular-lanceolate, 0.7–1 (–2) cm. long, acutely acuminate, entire, subglabrous, brown.. Male panicles (9–)11–14(–20) cm. long; peduncles ± 2–2.5 cm. long; axis and rhachides sparingly minutely puberulous; bracts ovate, 1–2 mm. long, acute, brown.. Female panicles somewhat larger (up to 27 cm. long), with the peduncles up to 7 cm. long.. Male flowers: pedicels 2 mm. long, slender, articulate 1/3 up from the base, pubescent below the articulation, glabrous above it; sepals broadly elliptic, 2 mm. long, rounded, ciliolate, yellowish green; stamens 1.1 mm. long, anthers 0.9 mm. long and wide, yellow; pistillode 0.5 mm. high, 0.7 mm. across.. Female flowers: pedicels (1–)2–4 mm. long, articulate, pubescent throughout, extending to 2 cm. long in fruit; sepals ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 1.5–2 mm. long, acute, subentire, sparingly puberulous without at the base, otherwise glabrous, pale green with white margins; ovary subglobose, 1–1.5 mm. in diameter, ± smooth, glabrous; style-arms (4–)5–6 mm. long, stigmas slightly papillose.. Fruit 5–6 mm. in diameter, ± smooth.. Seeds 3 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, smooth, somewhat shiny, yellowish brown.
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Trees, to 15[–40] m; buttresses often present; heartwood, bark, and sap red. Leaves: stipules subulate, 5–10 mm; petiole 3–22 cm; petiolules present, that of terminal leaflet to 6.5 cm; leaflets usually elliptic, rarely obovate, 4–15 × 2–10 cm, base cuneate, margins with basal teeth sometimes glandular, surfaces glabrous. Inflorescences erect in flower, pendent, to 32 cm, in fruit. Pedicels: staminate to 2.6 mm; pistillate to 11 mm in fruit, abscission zone near midpoint. Staminate flowers red in bud, yellow at anthesis, 2.5 mm diam.; sepals becoming reflexed, ovate, concave, 1.2 mm, nearly as wide; filaments 0.5 mm; anthers yellow, 1 mm. Pistillate flowers 2–3 × 1.5–2 mm; sepals ovate, 2–4 × 1 mm; staminodes to 0.5 mm; ovary green; styles 0.7 mm; stigmas erect in flower, spreading or reflexed in fruit, whitish, linear, to 5 mm. Drupes dark red to brown, 8–10 × 7–10 mm. Seeds oblong or curved, 4 × 3 × 3 mm. 2n = 196.
A large stocky tree. It grows up to 40 m tall. It can range from 5 to 30 m tall. The trunk is 1 m across, and straight. The trunk is covered with dull brown scaly bark. It is 2 cm thick and peels off in irregular flakes. The bark gives a red exudate when cut. The branches are numerous and form a dense rounded crown. The leaves are alternate, and with 3 leaflets. The leaf has a long leaf stalk. The leaflets are oval and tapering towards the tip. The edges of the leaflets are toothed. The leaves are dark green and glossy on the upper surface and light green and smooth underneath. The flowering branch has many branches. The individual flowers are small numerous and yellow-green. Trees have male and female flowers on separate plants. The fruit are rounded and fleshy. They have 3 to 4 cells and are reddish brown. They are 3 mm across. They contain 6 small seeds.
Tree to 35 m high. Stipules lanceolate, c. 2 mm long. Leaves: petiole 35–75 mm long; lamina up to 110 mm long and wide; petiolules 2–35 mm long; leaflets elliptic to ovate, 13–90 mm long, 25–70 mm wide, base cuneate to rounded, tip acute to acuminate; lateral veins 6–8 per side of midrib. Inflorescence up to 170 mm long. Male flowers c. 1 mm long and 1.5 mm diam. Female flowers 4–5 mm long, 3–4 mm diam. Fruits 6–14 mm long, 6–15 mm diam.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality -
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 1.0
Mature height (meter) 35.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It grows in the lowland and lower mountain zones. It grows from sea level to 900 m in Fiji. In Nepal it grows to about 1000 m altitude. It is often in disturbed forest or old garden land. They occur throughout the Philippines in dry open places. It can tolerate some shade and light frost but is best in full sun. It needs fertile, well drained soil. It suits hardiness zones 9-12. In XTBG Yunnan. In Sichuan.
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Scattered in primary and old secondary dry and deciduous forest or monsoon forest but also in evergreen forest, swamp and teak forest, sometimes in more open places like savannah tracts, especially on riverbanks and shady ravines.
Grows in lowland notophyll/mesophyll rainforest.
Light -
Soil humidity 1-9
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

Harvested for timber in Asia and Malesia, but too infrequent in Australia to be utilised in this way. Has potential medicinal uses (see Fern 2022, and references therein); there are various papers on the chemical and phytopharmacological properties of Bischofia javanica.
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The ripe fruit are eaten raw and are sweet. They are also used for drinks. The leaves are cooked with pork. (This may be to tenderise the pork.) Young leaves are eaten in salads and used as a condiment. The seeds are eaten. The young buds are used for pickles.
Uses afforestation animal food charcoal construction dye environmental use fiber food fuel gene source invertebrate food material medicinal poison social use timber wood
Edible fruits leaves seeds
Therapeutic use Burns (bark), Cough (bark), Diarrhea (bark), Fever (bark), Pharyngitis (bark), Astringents (leaf), Eye diseases (leaf), Toothache (leaf), Wound healing (leaf), Wounds and injuries (leaf), Hemagglutination (seed), Astringent (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Tonsillitis (unspecified), Wound (unspecified), Burn (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Poison (unspecified), Toothache (unspecified), Cracked feet (unspecified), Gastritis (unspecified), Urticaria (unspecified), Eye (unspecified), Throat (unspecified), Anthelmintics (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown by seed or cuttings. Seedlings are transplanted after 3-4 months.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Bischofia javanica habit picture by Dieter Albrecht (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Bischofia javanica leaf picture by Winnie Jelagat (cc-by-sa)
Bischofia javanica leaf picture by kamlesh patel kamlesh patel Vasai (cc-by-sa)
Bischofia javanica leaf picture by Yves Burckel (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Bischofia javanica world distribution map, present in Andorra, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Indonesia, India, Kenya, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Moldova (Republic of), Myanmar, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Tonga, Taiwan, Province of China, United States of America, Viet Nam, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna, and Samoa

Conservation status

Bischofia javanica threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:339921-1
WFO ID wfo-0000342237
COL ID LWGX
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 447120
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Phyllanthus gymnanthus Stylodiscus trifoliatus Bischofia leptopoda Bischofia toui Bischofia trifoliata Bischofia cummingiana Andrachne trifoliata Andrachne apetala Bischofia javanica var. lanceolata Bischofia javanica var. oblongifolia Bischofia javanica var. toui Microelus roeperianus Bischofia oblongifolia Bischofia roeperiana Bischofia javanica