Bromus commutatus Schrad.

Brome confondu (fr), Brome variable (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Poales > Poaceae > Bromus

Characteristics

Annuals to biennials, 60-120 cm, loosely tufted or consisting of a solitary culm. Leaf-sheath ± densely villous with soft spreading hairs; upper sheaths short-pubescent to glabrous. Ligule 0.7-2 mm, shortly denticulate to later lacerate, abaxially with some long hairs. Leaf-blade 8-16 cm × 2-6 mm, pubescent; margins scabrid near acute tip. Culm 40-100 cm, erect; nodes minutely hairy; internodes glabrous or rarely pubescent below panicle. Panicle 8-24 cm, erect, lax; branches and pedicels scabrid, mostly > spikelets. Spikelets 2-3 cm, 7-10-flowered, lanceolate, light green or purple-suffused. Glumes unequal, subacute to obtuse, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, smooth, but midnerve and hyaline margins usually minutely scabrid; lower 6-7 mm, 3-5-nerved, oblong-lanceolate, upper 7.5-8 mm, 5-9-nerved, elliptic. Lemma 8.5-9.5 mm, 7-9-(11)-nerved, rounded, subcoriaceous, nerves ± obscure, obovate, very minutely scabrid especially in upper ½; margins flat, overlapping; apex obtuse to truncate, to very slightly emarginate; awn from just below apex, straight, 6-9 mm. Palea very slightly < lemma, keels sparsely long-ciliate and with minute hairs as well, flanks very finely scabrid. Callus glabrous. Rachilla c. 1.5 mm, finely scabrid. Anthers (1.2)-1.5-2 mm. Caryopsis c. 4.5 × 1 mm.
More
Annual 3–12 dm, the culms glabrous, or puberulent below the nodes; lower sheaths softly retrorse-pilose, the upper glabrous or nearly so; blades flat, 1–7 mm wide, pilose; ligule 0.5–2.5 mm; panicle relatively short, 4–15(–20) cm, broad and open, the branches rather stiffly spreading or ascending, not flexuous or drooping, the pedicels mostly longer than the spikelets; spikelets 10–18(–30) mm, 4–10(12)-fld, slightly compressed; glumes scabrous or puberulent, the first 5–6(–7) mm, 3-or 5-veined, the second 6–7(–8.5) mm, 5–9-veined; lemmas 7–10 mm, 1.7–2.5 mm wide in side view, the veins faint, the terminal teeth not over 2 mm; awns 5–12 mm, straight or nearly so; palea less than 1.5 mm shorter than the lemma; anthers 0.7–1.7 mm; rachilla-joints 1.5–2 mm; 2n=14, 28, 56. Native of Europe, commonly intr. in disturbed sites in our range, w. to the Pacific.
Tufted annual or biennial, 150-900 mm high. Leaf blade 60-150 x 3-6 mm; ligule an unfringed membrane. Inflorescence an open or contracted panicle, 60-160 x 30-60 mm, eventually dropping to one side; pedicels, at least some, as long as to longer than spikelets; culm glabrous below inflorescences. Spikelet 10-25 x 4-7 mm, almost linear at maturity, slightly laterally compressed; glumes unequal, shorter than spikelet; lower glume 3-5-nerved; upper glume 5-9-nerved. Florets 4-many; lemma 7-9 mm long, back rounded, obtuse, apex lobed, awn 3-8 mm long, inserted just below apex, palea much shorter than lemma, keels ciliate; ovary with a conspicuous hairy appendage at apex; anther 0.5-1.7 mm long. Flowering time Sept.-Dec.
Tufted annual or biennial 150-900 mm high. Leaf blade 60-150 x 3-6 mm, hairy. Inflorescence 60-160 x 30-60 mm, open, eventually dropping to one side; pedicels with at least some as long as to longer than spikelets; culm glabrous below inflorescence. Spikelet 10-25(28) x 4-7 mm, almost linear at maturity, slightly laterally compressed; lower glume 3-5-nerved; upper glume 5-9-nerved; lemma 7-9 mm long, rounded on back, apex obtuse, distinctly bifid; awn 3-8(10) mm long, inserted less than 1.5 mm below apex; palea much shorter than lemma, keels ciliate; callus scar circular; anthers 0.5-1.7 mm long.
Annual; up to 0.9 m high; tufted. Leaf blades 60-150 x 3-6 mm. Flowers: panicle lax; pedicels (at least some of them) longer than spikelets; spikelets 10-25 x 4-7 mm; spikelets almost linear at maturity; lower glume 3-5-nerved; upper 5-9-nerved; lemmas 7-9 mm long; lemma apex rounded to subacute; awns 3-8 mm long; anthers 0.5-1.7 mm long.
Like B. pectinatus but awns not exceeding lemmas, 3-8 mm long.
Life form annual
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention -
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination anemogamy
Spread epizoochory
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 0.15 - 0.9
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 1.5
Root diameter (meter) 0.2
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

Light -
Soil humidity 4-9
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 5-10

Usage

Uses -
Edible -
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Mode -
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Bromus commutatus habit picture by Yoan MARTIN (cc-by-sa)
Bromus commutatus habit picture by Yoan MARTIN (cc-by-sa)
Bromus commutatus habit picture by Yoan MARTIN (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Bromus commutatus leaf picture by delph volubilis (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Bromus commutatus flower picture by Ilaria Mosti (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Bromus commutatus fruit picture by Edwin Thoen (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Bromus commutatus world distribution map, present in Åland Islands, Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Belarus, Brazil, Canada, Switzerland, Colombia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Algeria, Spain, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Italy, Libya, Lesotho, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Palau, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tunisia, Taiwan, Province of China, Ukraine, Uruguay, and South Africa

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:74673-3
WFO ID wfo-0000855398
COL ID 5X35T
BDTFX ID 74998
INPN ID 86571
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Forasaccus commutatus Bromus gaudinii Bromus multiflorus Serrafalcus commutatus Brachypodium commutatum Bromus commutatus f. depauperatus Bromus japonicus f. diffusus Bromus pendulinus Bromus simplex Bromus pratensis Bromus scabratus Bromus diffusus Bromus agrarius Bromus agrarius subsp. diffusus Bromus commutatus var. apricorum Bromus commutatus var. multiflorus Bromus commutatus var. pubens Bromus commutatus subsp. scabratus Bromus commutatus var. villosus Bromus commutatus var. violaceus Bromus hordeaceus var. commutatus Bromus hordeaceus var. pratensis Bromus mollis var. commutatus Bromus mutabilis var. commutatus Bromus mutabilis var. pratensis Bromus pratensis var. apricorum Bromus pratensis var. multiflorus Bromus racemosus subsp. commutatus Bromus racemosus var. commutatus Bromus racemosus var. glabriglumis Bromus racemosus var. villosus Bromus secalinus subsp. commutatus Bromus secalinus var. gladewitzii Bromus squarrosus subsp. commutatus Serrafalcus racemosus subsp. commutatus Serrafalcus racemosus var. commutatus Bromus commutatus var. gyorffyi Bromus commutatus var. lanceolatus Bromus commutatus var. macrostachys Bromus commutatus var. minor Bromus agrarius var. diffusus Bromus commutatus var. neglectus Bromus commutatus var. scabratus Bromus commutatus var. commutatus Bromus racemosus subsp. commutatus Bromus tzvelevii Bromus commutatus

Lower taxons

Bromus commutatus subsp. neglectus Bromus commutatus subsp. commutatus