Bromus secalinus L.

Rye brone (en), Brome seigle (fr), Brome Seigle (fr), Brome petit-seigle (fr), Brome faux seigle (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Poales > Poaceae > Bromus

Characteristics

Annual 3–12 dm; culms glabrous or sometimes retrorse-hairy below the nodes; middle and upper sheaths generally glabrous, the lower glabrous or hairy; blades 3–8 mm wide, glabrous or hairy; ligule 0.5–3 mm; infl loose and open, 7–15 cm, its branches several from a node, simple or again branched; spikelets 1–2.5 cm, usually drooping, 6–12-fld; first glume oblong, 4–6 mm, 3-or 5-veined, the second similar, 5–8 mm, 5-or 7-veined; lemmas elliptic, obtuse, 6–9 mm, obscurely 7-veined, glabrous or minutely scaberulous, rarely evidently hairy, awnless or with an awn to 6 mm between the two broad teeth; margins of the lemma soon involute, causing the florets to diverge and expose the flexuous rachilla; palea about as long as the lemma; anthers 1–2 mm; 2n=14, 28. Native of Europe, where often a weed in wheat-fields; intr. in grain-fields, roadsides, and waste places throughout the U.S.
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Annual or biennial, erect. Culms 46–79 cm high. Leaves: basal sheaths glabrous; blade 10–20 cm long, 4–6 mm wide, adaxially pubescent to hirsute, abaxially glabrous. Panicles erect, contracted, 10.5–15.5 cm long; primary branches spreading. Spikelets erect, narrowly ovate or oblong, 10–25 mm long, with 6–11 bisexual florets; pedicel 5–35 mm long. Glumes subequal, keeled, with midnerve scaberulous towards apex and intercostal regions glabrous; lower glume 5–5.5 mm long, 3–5-nerved; upper glume 5.8–6.5 mm long, 7-nerved. Callus blunt, glabrous. Lemma slightly laterally compressed, 7–8 mm long, becoming tightly incurved marginally, dorsally rounded, 7-nerved, glabrous; awn subapical, arising 0.5–1 mm below lemma tip, 4.5–7.5 mm long, slightly curved or straight, entered by 3 nerves. Palea equalling or shortly exceeding lemma, glabrous. Anthers 0.8–2 mm long.
Annual. Culms stout, erect, 30–60(–100) cm tall. Leaf sheaths usually glabrous; leaf blades 5–15 cm × 3–6 mm, pubescent; ligule 1–2 mm. Panicle lax, 5–15 × 2–6 cm, oblique, nodding; branches subwhorled, up to 8 cm, each bearing 1–4 spikelets. Spikelets narrowly oblong, 15–20 × 6–8 mm, florets 5–15, not overlapping at maturity; rachilla internodes exposed; glumes subequal, firm, veins inconspicuous, scabrid, lower glume 4–5 mm, 3–5-veined, upper glume 6–7 mm, 7-veined, apex obtuse, mucronate; lemmas elliptic, 8–9 × 4–5 mm in side view, herbaceous, 7-veined, glabrous, margins inrolled, apex obtuse, awned from back below apex; awn 5–7 mm, shorter than lemma body, slightly reflexed; palea as long as or slightly shorter than lemma. Anthers ca. 2 mm. Caryopsis ca. 5 × 1 mm, longitudinally inrolled, brownish red. Fl. and fr. May–Aug. 2n = 28.
A grass. It grows each year from seeds. The culms are stout and erect. They are 30-60 cm tall. The leaf baldes are 5-15 cm long by 3-6 mm wide. The flowers are in a loose panicle. It is 5.15 cm long by 2-6 cm wide. It is nodding.
Life form annual
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention -
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination anemogamy
Spread epizoochory
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 0.2 - 0.6
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) 0.2
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a temperate plant. It grows on grassy slopes between 500-1,500 m above sea level in SW China.
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Grows in disturbedareas. 
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 4-9

Usage

The seeds are boiled to make gruel or ground and used in famine food bread. They are also ground to make flat bread. They are also used for beer.
Uses animal food
Edible seeds
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Mode -
Germination duration (days) 5 - 42
Germination temperacture (C°) 21
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Bromus secalinus leaf picture by Dieter Albrecht (cc-by-sa)
Bromus secalinus leaf picture by Gustave Tartempion (cc-by-sa)
Bromus secalinus leaf picture by Ruth Puente (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Bromus secalinus flower picture by Monsieur Rouge (cc-by-sa)
Bromus secalinus flower picture by Klaas Langendoen (cc-by-sa)
Bromus secalinus flower picture by Jean-Michel Faton (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Bromus secalinus fruit picture by Holger Henning (cc-by-sa)
Bromus secalinus fruit picture by Gabriel Alves (cc-by-sa)
Bromus secalinus fruit picture by Ruben Ciantia Ruben Ciantia (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Bromus secalinus world distribution map, present in Åland Islands, Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Belarus, Canada, Switzerland, China, Colombia, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Algeria, Spain, Finland, France, Micronesia (Federated States of), Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Nicaragua, Netherlands, Norway, Palau, Poland, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Portugal, Romania, Sweden, Turks and Caicos Islands, Taiwan, Province of China, Ukraine, and United States of America

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:394095-1
WFO ID wfo-0000856443
COL ID NDCY
BDTFX ID 11102
INPN ID 86751
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Bromus secalinus f. divergens Bromus secalinus f. hirtus Bromus secalinus f. velutinus Bromus secalinus f. submuticus Bromus hybridus Bromus velutinus Bromus vitiosus Forasaccus secalinus Bromus brevisetus Bromus hordeaceus Bromus mutabilis Bromus segetalis Serrafalcus gmelinii Bromus multiflorus Bromus decipiens Avena secalina Bromus submuticus Bromus polymorphus Bromus badensis Bromus ehrhartii Bromus elongatus Serrafalcus divaricatus Serrafalcus secalinus Bromus grossus var. velutinus Bromus mollis var. secalinus Bromus multiflorus var. velutinus Bromus mutabilis var. glabratus Bromus mutabilis var. grossus Bromus mutabilis var. hordeaceus Bromus mutabilis var. secalinus Bromus mutabilis var. velutinus Bromus racemosus var. elongatus Bromus secalinus var. minimus Bromus secalinus subsp. decipiens Bromus secalinus subsp. velutinus Bromus secalinus var. arvensis Bromus secalinus var. asper Bromus secalinus var. badensis Bromus secalinus var. dilatatus Bromus secalinus var. divergens Bromus secalinus var. elongatus Bromus secalinus var. glaber Bromus secalinus var. grossus Bromus secalinus var. hirsutus Bromus secalinus var. hirtus Bromus secalinus var. hybridus Bromus secalinus var. integer Bromus secalinus var. intermedius Bromus secalinus var. lasiophyllus Bromus secalinus var. macrostachys Bromus secalinus subsp. multiflorus Bromus secalinus var. muticus Bromus secalinus var. pratensis Bromus secalinus var. pubescens Bromus secalinus var. rhenanthus Bromus secalinus var. submuticus Bromus secalinus var. velutinus Bromus segetalis var. secalinus Bromus commutatus subsp. decipiens Bromus mutabilis var. hirtus Bromus secalinus var. vulgaris Bromus secalinus subsp. infestus Bromus secalinus