Brucea javanica Merr.

Species

Angiosperms > Sapindales > Simaroubaceae > Brucea

Characteristics

Shrubs or small trees. Young branches, petioles, and inflorescences yellow tomentose. Leaves 20-40 cm; leaflets 3-15; petiolule 4-8 mm; blades ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 5-10(-13) × 2.5-5(-6.5) cm, base broadly cuneate or nearly rounded, usually somewhat oblique, margin serrate, apex acuminate, both surfaces villous, especially along veins and abaxially. Panicles 15-25(-40) cm in males, ca. half as long in females. Flowers small, dark purple, 1.5-2 mm in diam. Male flowers: pedicel slender, ca. 3 mm; sepals densely puberulent, 0.5-1 × 0.3-0.5 mm; petals sparsely puberulent or nearly glabrous, 1-2 × 0.5-1 mm; filaments subulate, ca. 0.6 mm; anthers ca. 0.4 mm. Female flowers: pedicel ca. 2.5 mm; sepals and petals same as in males; stamens rudimentary. Druparia 1-4, free, oblong-ovoid, 6-8 × 4-6 mm, gray-black when ripe; exocarp reticulately wrinkled when dry; endocarp hard bony. Seeds yellow-white, ovoid, thinly membranous, with copious oil, terribly bitter. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Aug-Oct.
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Shrub or small tree, 0.3-10 m, up to 10 cm ø. Leaves 20-50 cm long; leaflets 3-15, ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, sparsely hairy above, more or less pubescent beneath, sometimes completely glabrous, 3.5-11 by 1.5-5 cm, the younger ones usually densely pubescent; petiole 5-10 cm, lateral petiolules 2-9 mm, terminal one 3-40 mm. Peduncle almost absent, rachis 7-60 cm. Bracts deltoid, small. Flowers greenish-white to greenish-red or purple. Male: Pedicels very slender, up to c. 3 mm long, sepals pubescent, sometimes toothed, c. 0.5-1 by ⅓-½ mm; petals sparsely pubescent to nearly glabrous, sometimes toothed, 1-2 by 0.5-1 mm; filaments subulate, c. 0.6 mm, anthers c. 0.4 mm long. Female: Pedicels up to 2.5 mm, sepals and petals as in male; stamens 0 or vestigial. Mature dried drupes 1-4 together, 4-5(-7) mm long, pedicels 2-6 mm.
Shrub or tree to 10 m high, dioecious or bisexual. Leaflets 3–15, usually 5–7, ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate to 13 cm long, serrate, each serration with an abaxial, marginal gland terminating a lateral vein, glabrous or sparsely pubescent or velutinous; base oblique. Inflorescence raceme-like, to 60 cm long. Sepals pubescent, to 1 mm long. Petals 1–2 mm long, green-white to green-red or green-purple. Stamens c. 1 mm long. Drupelets 1–4 together, each ovoid or ellipsoidal, 4–10 mm long, slightly 2-ribbed.
An evergreen shrub. It grows to a height of 3-7 m and spreads to 3 m across. The stem is erect and branching. It is hairy when young. The leaves are compound leaves and produced alternately. They are 30-50 cm long and have 5 to 11 leaflets. These are oval but tapering to the tip and with coarse teeth around the edge. The leaflets are 5-8 cm long by 2-4 cm wide. The flowers are purple and small. The fruit are about 5 mm long.
Life form -
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 3.5 - 5.5
Mature height (meter) 7.0 - 10.0
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Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
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JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

A common, tolerant species, preferring open sites and light secondary forest and thickets, forest edges and ridges, even occurring in sunny places in sandy dunes and on limestone rocks, under both everwet and seasonal conditions (0-900 m).In 1907 BACKER stated that all specimens he had seen had bisexual flowers; in 1911 he had received material from Semarang with male and female flowers. According to BACKER ( BACKER Trop. Natuur 11 1922 134 ) in Java specimens with bisexual flowers would be found only west of the line Semarang-Djokjakarta, plants with unisexual flowers east of it. In my opinion unisexual flowers prevail.—Fl. Jan.-Dec.
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It is a tropical plant. It grows best in rich, moist, well drained soils in a sheltered partly shaded position. It commonly grows along creek banks. It needs a temperature above 15-18°C. It grows up to 1,000 m above sea level in Borneo. In Yunnan.
Prefers open localities such as light secondary forest and thickets, forest edges, ridges, and even occurring in sunny places on sandy dunes and on limestone. It grows under both per-humid and seasonal conditions, from sea-level up to 900 metres.
Light 7-9
Soil humidity 7-9
Soil texture -
Soil acidity 2-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-11

Usage

Uses. The very bitter roots and fruits are used as a medicine against dysentery and other fevers, and against diarrhoea. The leaves are applied against spleenomegaly and internal pains, scurf, ringworm, boils, and centipede-bites. The fruits are well known under the name of Macassar kernels, E, and Makassaarse pitjes, D ( GRESHOFF Nutt. Ind. Pl. 1894 71 HEYNE Nutt. Pl. Ned. Ind. 1927 871 BURKILL Dict. Econ. Prod. Mai. Penin. 1 1935 370 ).
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The fruit is used to make chutney. CAUTION: Fruit normally considered very poisonous. It is probably used in medicine. It is rich in alkaloids. They are used to reduce diarrhoea.
Bark and roots have been used by aborigines for the treatment of toothache.
Uses food material medicinal oil ornamental poison social use
Edible fruits leaves
Therapeutic use Antiparasitic agents (fruit), Dysentery (fruit), Dysentery, amebic (fruit), Fever (fruit), Malaria (fruit), Neoplasms (fruit), Anti-bacterial agents (leaf), Antifungal agents (leaf), Antineoplastic agents (leaf), Fever (leaf), Skin diseases (leaf), Splenomegaly (leaf), Antirheumatic agents (root), Colic (root), Cough (root), Dysentery (root), Fever (root), Inflammatory bowel diseases (root), Anthelmintics (seed), Anticoagulants (seed), Anti-infective agents (seed), Antineoplastic agents (seed), Antipyretics (seed), Carcinoma, ehrlich tumor (seed), Cathartics (seed), Cholagogues and choleretics (seed), Coma (seed), Diarrhea (seed), Dysentery (seed), Fever (seed), Gastrointestinal hemorrhage (seed), Hemorrhoids (seed), Intestinal diseases (seed), Intestinal diseases, parasitic (seed), Leukemia, lymphoid (seed), Malaria (seed), Papilloma (seed), Warts (seed), Malaria (stem), Amebiasis (unspecified), Anodyne (unspecified), Anticoagulant (unspecified), Boil (unspecified), Cancer(Esophagus) (unspecified), Cholagogueue (unspecified), Condyloma (unspecified), Corn (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Emetic (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Insecticide (unspecified), Labor (unspecified), Malaria (unspecified), Mange (unspecified), Nematicide (unspecified), Piles (unspecified), Poison (unspecified), Pulicide (unspecified), Ringworm (unspecified), Splenomegaly (unspecified), Tumor(Lung) (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Wen (unspecified), Cathartic (unspecified), Bite(Centipede) (unspecified), Colic (unspecified), Rheumatism (unspecified), Scurf (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Wart (unspecified), Internal (unspecified), Mange(Veterinary) (unspecified), Skin (unspecified), Antidiarrheic (unspecified), Astringent (unspecified), Rubefacient (unspecified), Rennet (unspecified), Stomachic (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

It can be grown from seed. Seed should be sown when fresh.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
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Images

Brucea javanica unspecified picture

Distribution

Brucea javanica world distribution map, present in Australia, Brunei Darussalam, China, Fiji, Micronesia (Federated States of), Indonesia, India, Kenya, Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Seychelles, Thailand, Taiwan, Province of China, United States of America, Uzbekistan, and Viet Nam

Conservation status

Brucea javanica threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:813610-1
WFO ID wfo-0000572705
COL ID 5X4MZ
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Rhus fastuosa Brucea amarissima Brucea glabrata Brucea gracilis Brucea javanica Lussa amarissima Gonus amarissimus Ailanthus gracilis Brucea sumatrana Brucea sumatrensis Rhus javanica Tetradium amarissimum