Buddleja madagascariensis Lam.

Smokebush (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Lamiales > Scrophulariaceae > Buddleja

Characteristics

Shrub, 2-3 m. Branches terete, densely silvery-white (in the herb. rusty-)tomentose, as are the petioles, the undersurface of the leaves, and the inflorescences. Leaves connected by an inconspicuous stipular line, ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 9-11 by 3-4½ cm, more or less coriaceous, somewhat bullate, glabrous above, densely tomentose beneath; base rounded to acute, margin entire, apex tapering, acute; petiole c. 1.5 cm. Inflorescences terminal, thyrsoid with some rather long thyrsoid basal branches, c. 20 cm long, with relatively long-stalked (c. 1 cm), rather dense, c. 7-flowered, patent lateral cymes. Bracts linear, up to c. 1½ cm. Flowers subsessile, sweet-scented. Calyx campanulate, 3 mm long, outside densely tomentose, lobes c. 0.5 mm, broadly triangular. Corolla orange, outside densely tomentose, inside glabrous, tube slender, c. 6 mm, lobes 2 mm long, rounded. Stamens inserted slightly below the mouth; anthers 1.25 mm long, shortly split at the base. Ovary (except at base) and style densely hairy, style slender, 4.5 mm including the club-shaped stigma. Fruit globular, c. 2.5 mm, pubescent, at first white, when ripe purple-blue. Seeds ellipsoid, c. 1 mm long, smooth, brown.
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Shrubs or climbers, 2--10 m; branchlets, leaf blades abaxially, petioles, and inflorescences densely grayish white stellate tomentose, drying rusty. Branchlets terete. Petiole 0.5--2 cm; leaf blade narrowly ovate to elliptic, 2--14 X 1.5--7 cm, adaxially glabrous or subglabrous, base rounded, acute, cuneate, or rarely subcordate, margin entire, apex acuminate, lateral veins 6--12 pairs. Inflorescences terminal, paniculate or thyrsoid, 5--25 X 2--15 cm. Calyx campanulate to urceolate, 2--3.5 cm; lobes broadly triangular, 0.4--1 X 0.5--1 mm. Corolla dark yellow, orange, or salmon; tube 7--10 mm, outside stellate tomentose, inside with a pilose belt; lobes ovate to suborbicular, 2--4 X 2--3 mm. Stamens inserted just below corolla mouth; anthers oblong, 1--1.4 mm. Ovary subglobose, 1--1.5 mm, apex stellate tomentose, 4-locular. Style base stellate tomentose; stigma clavate, 1.2--1.7 mm. Berries white at first, purple-blue when ripe, globose, 2.5--5 mm in diam., glandular pubescent or glabrous, often stellate tomentose at apex. Seeds ellipsoid to obliquely ovoid, ca. 1 X 0.5 mm, unwinged. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Aug-Nov. 2n = 38.
Large spreading or rambling evergreen shrub to c. 5 m high. Shoots obscurely angular, tomentose. Lvs opposite; petioles 1-2.5 cm long; lamina 6-14 × 1.7-5.5 cm, lanceolate-ovate or lanceolate-elliptic, soon becoming glabrous above, white or pale brownish tomentose beneath, entire or slightly crenulate on vegetative shoots; base rounded, less often broad-cuneate or subcordate; apex acute. Panicles to c. 25 cm long, cylindric, rather tomentose; fls fragrant, sessile or subsessile, sometimes loose in the raceme. Bracts linear-subulate, to c. 6 mm long. Calyx 2.5-4 mm long; lobes short and triangular. Corolla tomentose outside; tube 6-7 mm long, pale yellow; lobes 2-3 mm long, pale yellow, becoming orange. Stamens inserted near apex of corolla tube, included; anthers sessile. Style slightly < stamens. Ovary tomentose at apex. Fr. not seen.
A shrub. It can be climbing. It grows 4 m tall. The leaves are opposite and narrowly oval. They are 12 cm long on leaf stalks 20 cm long. The flowers are in long slender groups up to 25 cm long. They have a scent. They can be yellow, orange or pink.
Life form perennial
Growth form shrub
Growth support climber
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 2.5 - 4.0
Mature height (meter) 2.25 - 5.7
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

It is a tropical and Mediterranean plant. In Madagascar it grows on mountain slopes between 600-2,000 m above sea level. It is damaged by frost. In Brisbane Botanical Gardens.
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Open jungle, 700-800 m. Fl. Oct.-Febr.; I saw no fruiting specimens from Malaysia.
A weed of forests and roadsides in areas where it has become naturalised.
Light 7-9
Soil humidity 3-7
Soil texture 3-4
Soil acidity 2-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-11

Usage

Uses. According to STANDLEY ( STANDLEY Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 23 1924 1143 ) in Madagascar "the leaves were formerly employed. as a soap substitute and the plant is used as a remedy for asthma, coughs, and bronchitis."
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The leaves and twigs are used for making a local rum.
Uses dye medicinal
Edible leaves
Therapeutic use Asthma (unspecified), Bronchitis (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Soap (unspecified), Cardiovascular system (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by cuttings or seedlings.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -7
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Buddleja madagascariensis leaf picture by Josefa Da Silva Oliveira (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Buddleja madagascariensis world distribution map, present in Australia, Botswana, China, Cuba, Fiji, Guinea, India, Iceland, Madagascar, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Puerto Rico, Thailand, Taiwan, Province of China, United States of America, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Conservation status

Buddleja madagascariensis threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:545812-1
WFO ID wfo-0000574137
COL ID NN5N
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 673350
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Buddleja madagascariensis Buddleja heterophylla Nicodemia madagascariensis Adenoplea madagascariensis