Bursera simaruba Sarg.

Gumbo limbo (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Sapindales > Burseraceae > Bursera

Characteristics

ish-woolly, becoming reddish-brown, covered with yellowish lenticels and con-spicuously marked by large elevated cordate leaf scars. Leaves odd-pinnate, 21-35 cm long and 12-23.5 cm wide; petioles puberulent basally and sparingly pubescent above, or glabrous to rarely yellowish-woolly, 7-11.5 cm long; leaf-lets 5-7(-9), long-acuminate, inequilateral basally, the laterals broadly ovate to ovate-oblong, the terminals obovate, membranaceous to coriaceous, the margins entire, conspicuously lanate when young to nearly glabrate in age, becoming sparingly pubescent above, at least the veins pubescent beneath, slightly shiny above, paler beneath, the blades 4.5-14.5 cm long and 2.5-8 cm wide; petiolules pubescent to glabrous, 5-31 mm long; rachis not winged. Inflorescences usually glabrous, reddish; staminate 17-28 cm long, longer than the young leaves; car-pellate 4-10.5 cm long, ca. as long as the young leaves. Flowers 3-or 5-merous, with glabrous pedicels 2-4 mm long in flower and 5-16 mm long in fruit; staminate 5-merous, the calyx shallowly 5-lobed, the lobes less than 1 mm long, the petals 5, ovate-elliptic, acute and incurved apically, 2-2.5 mm long and 1 mm wide, the stamens 10, ca. as long as the petals, the filaments 1.5 mm long, the disc 5-lobed; carpellate 3-merous, the calyx lobes 3, the petals 3, ovate, acute and incurved apically, 2 mm long and ca. 1 mm wide, the stamens 6, ca. half as long as the petals, the ovary 3-loculed, ovoid, ca. 2 mm high, the stigma 3-lobed. Fruits subglobular, pointed at both ends, slightly 3-angled, green to bright pink, maturing reddish-brown and drying brownish, 8-13 mm long and 7-9 mm in diameter, dehiscing by 3 obovate valves; pyrenes 1(-2), 1-seeded, 3-angled, bony, lenticular-ovoid, pinkish to whitish, attached to the pedicel by a persistent whitish column ca. 2 mm long.
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A deciduous tree. It grows up to 18-25 m tall. It has a single trunk and deep taproot. The trunk is smooth and red. The wood is spongy and has resin. The limbs are thick and covered with a rusty red skin. This peels off in thin sheets. The leaves have leaflets along the stalk and are bright green. The leaflets are about 8 cm long. The flowers are creamy white and fairly showy. They are held in thin spreading panicles. The fruit are succulent red berries. They are 1.3 cm across. They are in clusters. The fruit are 3 angled. They are edible.
Trees, 5-20 m high; bark coppery-red, shiny, thin, peeling off in thin papery sheets to expose a smooth bright-green layer; branchlets glabrous to rarely yellow-
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality dioecy
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 12.2 - 19.15
Root system tap-root
Rooting depth (meter) 0.9
Root diameter (meter) 0.4
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It is native to tropical America. It usually grows along the coast close to the tidal limit. In Costa Rica it grows from sea level up to 1,100 m altitude. It grows in mangroves. It suits hardiness zones 10-12. At ECHO.
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Generally found in dry forests, but sometimes in wetter forests; common in advanced secondary growth. In the wetter areas of its range it is more likely to be found growing on slopes where the soil is shallow and dries quickly.
Light 3-7
Soil humidity 1-5
Soil texture 3-6
Soil acidity 5-6
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

The leaves have been used to make tea.
Uses animal food charcoal environmental use fodder food fuel gum invertebrate food material medicinal non-vertebrate poison ornamental poison tea timber wood
Edible leaves stems
Therapeutic use Dysentery (unspecified), Ache(Back) (unspecified), Ache(Stomach) (unspecified), Antiseptic (unspecified), Aphrodisiac (unspecified), Bite(Snake) (unspecified), Cancer(Stomach) (unspecified), Debility (unspecified), Depilatory (unspecified), Diaphoretic (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Dropsy (unspecified), Enterorrhagia (unspecified), Expectorant (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Gangrene (unspecified), Hernia (unspecified), Hunger (unspecified), Impotency (unspecified), Repellant(Insect) (unspecified), Intestine (unspecified), Kneecap (unspecified), Lactogogue(Veterinary) (unspecified), Nephritis (unspecified), Obesity (unspecified), Purgative (unspecified), Rash (unspecified), Renitis (unspecified), Rheumatism (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Stomach (unspecified), Strain (unspecified), Swelling (unspecified), Venereal (unspecified), Vulnerary (unspecified), Wound (unspecified), Yellow Fever (unspecified), Calculus (unspecified), Cystitis (unspecified), Tumor (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown by seed.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) 1
Optimum temperature (C°) 18 - 28
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Bursera simaruba habit picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)
Bursera simaruba habit picture by Trap Hers (cc-by-sa)
Bursera simaruba habit picture by Shehadi Ramiz (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Bursera simaruba leaf picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)
Bursera simaruba leaf picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)
Bursera simaruba leaf picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)

Flower

Bursera simaruba flower picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)

Fruit

Bursera simaruba fruit picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)
Bursera simaruba fruit picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)
Bursera simaruba fruit picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)

Distribution

Bursera simaruba world distribution map, present in Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, Bahamas, Belize, Brazil, Barbados, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Grenada, Guatemala, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Mexico, Montserrat, Martinique, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Turks and Caicos Islands, Trinidad and Tobago, United States Minor Outlying Islands, United States of America, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

Conservation status

Bursera simaruba threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:38669-2
WFO ID wfo-0000576316
COL ID NYJ6
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 629217
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Bursera gummifera Bursera integerrima Bursera subpubescens Terebinthus simaruba Pistacia simaruba Elaphrium integerrimum Elaphrium simaruba Elaphrium subpubescens Icicariba simaruba Bursera arborea Bursera bonairensis Elaphrium arboreum Terebinthus arborea Bursera gummifera var. glabrata Bursera gummifera var. polyphylla Bursera simaruba var. yucatanensis Bursera simaruba