Calendula officinalis L.

Pot marigold (en), Souci officinal (fr), Souci des jardins (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Asterales > Asteraceae > Calendula

Characteristics

Erect or ascending, annual or short-lived perennial herb, sometimes somewhat woody toward base, (10)-15-50 cm tall. Stems densely clothed in short, erect, glandular hairs, usually becoming glabrous below, much-branched. Basal and lower cauline lvs sparsely to moderately clothed in simple and glandular hairs, ciliate, usually narrow-obovate, sometimes elliptic or ± orbicular, entire, with few minute scattered marginal teeth, or rarely remotely dentate, obtuse to acute and mucronate, apetiolate and long-cuneate, 6-20 × 1.5-5 cm; upper cauline lvs similar to lower but becoming smaller, oblong to lanceolate, broad-based and often ± amplexicaul. Capitula solitary, 35-85 mm diam. Involucral bracts in 2 rows, glandular and ciliate, lanceolate, acuminate, 10-15 mm long, the inner with more conspicuous membranous margins. Ray florets (20)-40-60, in 1-several rows; ligules usually orange, sometimes pale orange or yellow, clearly exceeding bracts, (8)-12-30 mm long; disc florets numerous, usually orange, sometimes pale orange or yellow, rarely brownish black. Achenes glabrous or sparsely hairy, usually of 3 types; outermost achenes strongly incurved, long-beaked, 12-18 mm diam., with small stout spines on back, usually alternating with shorter, short-beaked, broadly 3-winged, tuberculate or smooth-backed achenes; inner achenes enclosed by outer, tuberculate on back, 4-7 mm diam.
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Erect to ascending, basally ±woody, ±perennial herb, (20–) 25–50 (–60) cm high, much-branched, densely glandular-hairy. Leaves oblanceolate, narrowly obovate, oblong or ±spathulate, (3–) 5–10 (–15) cm long, (1–) 1.5–4.5 (–6) cm wide, basally attenuate, entire or repand-dentate, acute to obtuse. Capitula solitary, usually 2.5–5 cm diam.; peduncle 5–10 cm long; involucre biseriate; bracts lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, (0.8–) 1.0–1.5 cm long, 3.5–4 mm wide, acute, glandular and simple-hairy. Ray florets usually more than 30, 2–3 (–4)-seriate; ligules narrowly oblanceolate, 2–3.5 cm long, apically 3-fid, pale yellow to golden orange. Disc florets 3–5 mm long, yellow to orange. Achenes polymorphic, with or without an outermost row of incurved, rarely patent fruits; outer achenes 2–2.5 cm long, shortly beaked, alternating with cymbiform, much shorter achenes; inner achenes smaller, curved, wrinkled.
Herbs, annual, 20-75 cm tall, usually branched from base, green, ± glandular pubescent. Basal leaves oblong-obovate or spatulate, 15-20 cm, margin entire or remotely denticulate; stem leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or oblong-obovate, 5-15 × 1-3 cm, ± amplexicaul, margin inconspicuously repand-denticulate, apex obtuse, rarely acute. Capitula 4-5 cm in diam.; phyllaries lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, outer slightly longer than inner, acuminate. Ray florets yellow or orange, ca. 2 × as long as involucre, lamina up to 4-5 mm wide. Disk florets with triangular-lanceolate lobes. Achenes curved, yellowish or brownish, outer half-curved, often aculeate rostrate at apex, lateral-winged ridge irregularly rugose. Fl. Apr-Sep, fr. Jun-Oct.
Leaf blades 3–12(–18+) cm × 10–30(–60+) mm. Peduncles 5–8(–12+) cm. Phyllaries 12–40+, (8–)10–12+ mm. Ray florets 30–50(–100+); corolla laminae 12–20+ mm. Disc florets (30–)60–150+; corollas (4–)5–6+ mm. Cypselae 9–15(–25+) mm. 2n = 14, 32.
An bushy annual herb. It grows 30-70 cm high and 30-45 cm wide. The leaves are spoon shaped or sword shaped. The flower heads are daisy like. They can be 10 cm across. Flowers are yellow or orange. There are cultivated varieties.
Life form annual
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread epizoochory
Mature width (meter) 0.1 - 0.5
Mature height (meter) 0.15 - 0.5
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 1.5
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a temperate plant. It needs fertile soil. It suits moist conditions. It can grow in full sun or partial sunlight. They can withstand frost. It suits hardiness zones 6-10. It can grow in arid places. Tasmania Herbarium.
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The original habitat is obscure but it is found as a garden escape on waste, cultivated and arable land and along roadsides.
Light 4-9
Soil humidity 3-6
Soil texture 2-6
Soil acidity 2-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 6-10

Usage

Leaves eaten with oil and salt. The leaves are dried to concentrate the flavour then used to flavour soups. The flowers and the colouring from them is used as a substitute for saffron. It can be used to colour rice or orange cake. It has also been used to colour cheeses. The petals are sometimes used in soup and salads. The flowers are petals are used for tea.
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It has been used in horticulture and medicine since ancient times. It is said to be effective against chilblains and warts, and is used in cosmetics and to colour butter and thicken soups, and its rays to garnish salads (D.J. Mabberley, The Plant Book 3rd edn, 133 (2008).
Uses animal food dye environmental use essential oil food food additive material medicinal oil ornamental tea
Edible flowers fruits leaves seeds
Therapeutic use Immunostimulant (flower), Analgesics (flower), Anti-bacterial agents (flower), Anti-infective agents (flower), Anti-infective agents, local (flower), Anti-inflammatory agents (flower), Antineoplastic agents (flower), Antiprotozoal agents (flower), Dysmenorrhea (flower), Estrogen receptor modulators (flower), Hepatitis (flower), Hypertension (flower), Hypnotics and sedatives (flower), Hypotension (flower), Leukorrhea (flower), Menstruation-inducing agents (flower), General tonic for rejuvenation (flower), Wounds and injuries (flower), Analgesics (leaf), Anti-bacterial agents (leaf), Hemostasis (leaf), Varicose veins (leaf), Diaphoretic (leaf), Anti-inflammatory agents (root), Hypnotics and sedatives (root), Periodontal diseases (root), Pregnancy complications (root), Anemia, hemolytic (seed), Anti-inflammatory agents (seed), Wound healing (seed), Ache(Stomach) (unspecified), Amenorrhea (unspecified), Analgesic (unspecified), Astringent (unspecified), Bruise (unspecified), Cancer (unspecified), Cholagogue (unspecified), Corn (unspecified), Depurative (unspecified), Diaphoretic (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Emmenagogue (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Internulcer (unspecified), Intestine (unspecified), Kidney (unspecified), Mouthwash (unspecified), Piles (unspecified), Scrofula (unspecified), Sprain (unspecified), Stimulant (unspecified), Styptic (unspecified), Sudorific (unspecified), Tonic (unspecified), Toothache (unspecified), Tuberculosis (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Wart (unspecified), Carminative (unspecified), Flu (unspecified), Bactericide (unspecified), Choleretic (unspecified), Hemorrhage (unspecified), Lung (unspecified), Syphilis (unspecified), Stomach (unspecified), Abortifacient agents (unspecified), Anthelmintics (unspecified), Antiemetics (unspecified), Antifungal agents (unspecified), Anti-infective agents (unspecified), Anti-inflammatory agents (unspecified), Antinematodal agents (unspecified), Antiprotozoal agents (unspecified), Antipyretics (unspecified), Astringents (unspecified), Cardiotonic agents (unspecified), Cicatrix (unspecified), Contusions (unspecified), Ear diseases (unspecified), Flatulence (unspecified), Frostbite (unspecified), Hemostatics (unspecified), Hypohidrosis (unspecified), Insect bites and stings (unspecified), Menstruation-inducing agents (unspecified), Neoplasms (unspecified), Pain (unspecified), Parasympatholytics (unspecified), General tonic for rejuvenation (unspecified), Skin diseases (unspecified), Spasm (unspecified), Spermatocidal agents (unspecified), Sprains and strains (unspecified), Ulcer (unspecified), Wound healing (unspecified), Wounds and injuries (unspecified), Analgesics (whole plant), Anti-bacterial agents (whole plant), Antifungal agents (whole plant), Antineoplastic agents (whole plant), Antiprotozoal agents (whole plant), Antiviral agents (whole plant), Dermatitis (whole plant), Herpes simplex (whole plant), Hypercholesterolemia (whole plant), Ulcer (whole plant), Wound healing (whole plant)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are grown from seed. The seed are planted 6 mm deep.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) 9 - 14
Germination temperacture (C°) -18 - 21
Germination luminosity dark
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -23
Optimum temperature (C°) 16 - 26
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Calendula officinalis habit picture by Matt P. Walser (cc-by-sa)
Calendula officinalis habit picture by Anna G (cc-by-sa)
Calendula officinalis habit picture by Cyril Piou (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Calendula officinalis leaf picture by leokoha (cc-by-sa)
Calendula officinalis leaf picture by Quay Frédéric (cc-by-sa)
Calendula officinalis leaf picture by Ghislave Sosnowski (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Calendula officinalis flower picture by Lori Frücke (cc-by-sa)
Calendula officinalis flower picture by Suzanne Atfield-Cutts (cc-by-sa)
Calendula officinalis flower picture by Francisca Jimeno Donaire (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Calendula officinalis fruit picture by henri noblet (cc-by-sa)
Calendula officinalis fruit picture by Jérémy Flament (cc-by-sa)
Calendula officinalis fruit picture by Germine De Rien (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Calendula officinalis world distribution map, present in Afghanistan, Albania, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Belarus, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Bhutan, Canada, Switzerland, Chile, China, Cook Islands, Colombia, Germany, Ecuador, Spain, Estonia, Fiji, France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Croatia, Hungary, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Italy, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Libya, Liechtenstein, Morocco, Moldova (Republic of), Mexico, Malta, Myanmar, Montenegro, Mauritius, Netherlands, Norway, Nepal, New Zealand, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Taiwan, Province of China, Ukraine, United States of America, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam, and South Africa

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:187894-1
WFO ID wfo-0000007455
COL ID PJDZ
BDTFX ID 12155
INPN ID 87429
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Calendula aurantiaca Calendula hydruntina Calendula officinalis Calendula prolifera Calendula x santamariae Calendula ranunculodes Caltha officinalis Calendula eriocarpa Calendula officinalis var. officinalis Calendula sinuata var. aurantiaca Calendula officinalis var. prolifera Calendula officinalis f. pleniflora Calendula officinalis var. parviflora