Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull

Scottish heather (en), Callune (fr), Béruée (fr), Callune commune (fr), Bruyère commune (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Ericales > Ericaceae > Calluna

Characteristics

Shrub to c. 50 cm tall; stems puberulent or densely hairy at first, becoming glabrous. Lvs 1.5-3.5 mm long (including auricles), oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, densely imbricate on non-flowering branches, keeled on abaxial surface, often ciliate, obtuse; auricles proximally directed. Infl. a narrow raceme 2-9-(c. 20) cm long, sometimes almost paniculate. Pedicels very short, puberulent. Bracteoles several, similar to lvs, resembling a calyx below fl., obscuring pedicels. Sepals 2-4 mm long, ovate-oblong, pink or mauve-pink, shining, ± scarious. Corolla c. 3/4 length of calyx, deeply lobed, paler than calyx, persistent, scarious. Stamens c. = corolla; anthers > filaments. Style reddish, exserted. Capsules densely hairy, < perianth, subglobose. Seeds 0.5-0.7 mm long, strongly reticulate, often aborted.
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Shrubs 15-60(-100) cm. Leaves widely spaced on leading shoots, closely spaced and imbricate on later shoots; blade oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-3.5 × 0.5-0.7 mm, base auriculate-clasping, surfaces glabrous, keeled abaxially, concave adaxially. Pedicels: bracteoles 6-8 (4 distalmost simulating sepals). Flowers: sepals exceeding corolla, pinkish purple to white, petaloid, 3-4 mm; corolla pinkish purple to white, lobes 2(-3) mm; filaments glabrous; anthers 1 mm. Capsules 1-2 mm, hairy. Seeds 0.5-0.7 × 0.2-0.3 mm. 2n = 16.
A shrub 10-60 cm high. It spreads 10-75 cm wide. It is evergreen. The leaves are in overlapping pairs. The are in opposite pairs and look like scales. The leaves turn brown or dull purple in winter. The flowers are small and bell shaped. They can be white, pink, red or purple. They occur in dense clusters. There are many named varieties.
Ascending shrub to 1 m; lvs lance-oblong; 2–4 mm, sessile, the larger auriculate; cal 3–4 mm; 2n=16. Widespread in Europe; naturalized in sandy places along the coast from Nf. to N.J. and rarely inland. July–Sept.
Life form perennial
Growth form shrub
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination
Spread anemochory
Mature width (meter) 0.1 - 0.5
Mature height (meter) 0.5 - 0.6
Root system fibrous-root
Rooting depth (meter) 0.9
Root diameter (meter) 0.3
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a temperate plant. It is frost hardy. They need full sun and well-drained acid soil. It grows naturally in the moors in the colder parts of Britain. Soils they are acid and of low fertility suit it best. It suits hardiness zones 4-9. Tasmania Herbarium.
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Acid soils in open woodlands, moors and marshy ground. Often the dominant plant on well-drained acid moors and heaths.
Light 6-9
Soil humidity 2-7
Soil texture 4-6
Soil acidity 2-4
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 5-8

Usage

The flowers are used to produce Heather ale in Scotland. The dried flower heads are used for tea. The flowers can be substituted for hops in beer making. It is also the source of heather honey. The seeds have been used in famine bread in Poland and Estonia.
Uses dye environmental use forage invertebrate food medicinal seasoning tea
Edible flowers seeds shoots stems
Therapeutic use Antiseptic (unspecified), Astringent (unspecified), Bladder (unspecified), Cancer (unspecified), Depurative (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Inflammation (unspecified), Insomnia (unspecified), Narcotic (unspecified), Rheumatism (unspecified), Sedative (unspecified), Urogenital (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from semi-ripe cuttings or layering. It can be grown from rooted branches.
Mode cuttings divisions seedlings
Germination duration (days) 30 - 60
Germination temperacture (C°) 18 - 21
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment stratification
Minimum temperature (C°) -23
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Calluna vulgaris habit picture by Pierre LEON (cc-by-sa)
Calluna vulgaris habit picture by Olivier Zol (cc-by-sa)
Calluna vulgaris habit picture by Terje Norli (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Calluna vulgaris leaf picture by Pierre LEON (cc-by-sa)
Calluna vulgaris leaf picture by Terry Conway (cc-by-sa)
Calluna vulgaris leaf picture by Angélique Villemain (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Calluna vulgaris flower picture by Harry Mau (cc-by-sa)
Calluna vulgaris flower picture by Alizé Moucel (cc-by-sa)
Calluna vulgaris flower picture by Jacques Zuber (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Calluna vulgaris fruit picture by Jacques ANDRE (cc-by-sa)
Calluna vulgaris fruit picture by Udo Herkommer (cc-by-sa)
Calluna vulgaris fruit picture by Jean-Christophe Lombardo (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Calluna vulgaris world distribution map, present in Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Belarus, Canada, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Spain, Estonia, Finland, Falkland Islands (Malvinas), France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Croatia, Hungary, India, Iceland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, Morocco, North Macedonia, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, and United States of America

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:327305-1
WFO ID wfo-0000580837
COL ID PWBL
BDTFX ID 12262
INPN ID 87501
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Calluna atlantica Calluna beleziana Calluna ciliaris Calluna elegantissima Calluna erica Calluna genuina Calluna vulgaris Erica herbacea Erica glabra Ericoides vulgaris Erica lutescens Erica nana Erica prostrata Erica reginae Erica sagittifolia Calluna sagittifolia Erica confusa Calluna vulgaris var. alba Calluna vulgaris subsp. elegantissima Calluna vulgaris var. purpurea Erica vulgaris var. alba Calluna vulgaris f. alba Calluna vulgaris f. purpurea Erica ciliaris Erica vulgaris