Calodendrum capense Thunb.

Cape-chestnut (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Sapindales > Rutaceae > Calodendrum

Characteristics

A small or large tree up to 60 ft. high, evergreen or sometimes deciduous, depending on environment, with a well-balanced canopy. Branches opposite or in threes, terete, glabrous. Leaves decussate, petiolate, variable in shape but more or less elliptic-oblong, up to 15 cm. long, 7 cm. broad, with a slightly undulate margin, with a prominent central vein and delicate parallel lateral nerves less than 1 cm. apart, pellucid-gland-dotted; petiole 1-2 cm. long. Flowers in terminal panicles with mainly trichotomous branching; the young branches very minutely dull greenish-yellow, stellate-pubescent. Calyx 5-parted, segments ovate, 4-5 mm. long, minutely and densely stellate-pubescent on outer surface and also pubescent within. Petals 5, oblong-lanceolate, 4-5 cm. long, usually less than 1 cm. broad, pubescent with stellate and simple hairs of unequal length on outer surface, undulate, whitish tinted with rose pink, stained with rose red, shading to maroon near the base of the lobes. Stamens 10, inserted round the base of a short tubular disc1; 5 fertile, 5 alternate sterile, petaloid and prominently marked by crimson glands especially on the margins. Ovary stipitate on glandular stipe, somewhat less than 1 cm. long, obtusely 5-angled, rough and warty and densely furnished with very minute stellate hairs; capsule buff-coloured, septicidally 5-valved, with 2 seeds in each cell, dehiscing from below; the 5 valves remaining attached to the top of a central column.
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Tree up to 20 m. high; young branches, leaves and inflorescences densely tomentose with simple, stellate and branched hairs, soon becoming glabrous.. Leaf-lamina elliptic, 6–14(–18) cm. long, 3.5–8(–11) cm. broad, acute or slightly apiculate or rounded at the apex, cuneate to slightly cordate at the base; petiole 2–10 mm. long.. Inflorescence up to 15 cm. long, with opposite cymose branches.. Flowers mauve; bracteoles linear, 1.3–1.5 mm. long, caducous; pedicel up to 20 mm. long.. Sepals ovate, 3–5 mm. long, 1.8 mm. broad, free or slightly connate at the base, minutely tomentose.. Petals narrowly oblanceolate, 20–35 mm. long, 5–7 mm. broad, whitish or mauve, straight or somewhat recurved, tomentose with simple or branched hairs on the outside and simple hairs directed downwards inside.. Stamens as long as the petals; anthers 1.3–1.5 mm. long; staminodes longer than the petals, very narrowly oblanceolate, caudate, dotted with bright crimson glands.. Gynophore 4–6 mm. long, glandular; ovary 2–3 mm. in diameter; style 15–20 mm. long.. Fruit 5-lobed, strongly rugose-warty, ± 35 mm. in diameter, dehiscing from below with the 5 valves remaining attached to the top of a central column.. Seeds black, semi-spherical to pyramid-like, 10–15 mm. in diameter.. Fig. 4/1–6, p. 12.
Tree, evergreen or deciduous, 7-22 m high. Leaves opposite, simple, petiolate, elliptic, 60-180 x 35-90 mm, gland-dotted. Flowers in large, terminal, paniculate racemes, pink-dotted mauve. Sepals 5, somewhat fleshy, valvate, spreading when mature. Petals 5, linear, imbricate. Disc cupular. Stamens usually 5 fertile and equalling petals, and 5 petaloid staminodes with immersed glands; anthers with immersed apical gland. Ovary stalked, 5-lobed, 5-locular, ovoid, tuberculate, with stipitate glands at apex, with 2 ovules in each locule; style much longer than ovary, glandular; stigma subcapitate. Flowering time Sept.-Dec. Fruit a woody, 5-angled capsule covered with blunt protuberances; seeds large, black, shiny, containing oil.
A small to medium sized tree. It grows 7-20 m high. The bark is grey and smooth. It has buttresses. It has a spreading crown. The leaves are opposite and simple. They are large and oblong. They are 6-13 cm long by 3.5-7.5 cm wide. They can be 22 cm long. They are dark green with scattered gland-dots. The edges can be wavy. The flowers are large and striking. The petals can be white or pink. They are like feathers. The flowers are long and narrow. They are 4 cm long by 0.5 cm wide. Flowers have both sexes. The fruit is a brown capsule. It is 3.5 cm across. It has 5 lobes and is woody. It has a knobbly surface.
Tree, up to 20 m high; deciduous to semideciduous; bark smooth. Leaves opposite; blade elliptic to broadly elliptic, 60-130(-180) x 35-75(-110) mm; apex acute, gland-dotted. Flowers: in large clusters at ends of branches; stamens 5, alternating with 5 petaloid staminodes, staminodes narrowly obovate, caudate, dotted with bright crimson glands; corolla pink; Sep.-Mar. Fruit a 5-angled, rugose, warty capsule.
Tree, up to 20 m high. Leaves elliptic to broadly elliptic, 60-130(-180) x 35-75(-110) mm. Stamens 5, alternating with 5 petaloid staminodes. Staminodes narrowly oblanceolate, caudate, dotted with bright crimson glands. Fruit a 5-lobed, rugose, warty capsule. Flowers pink.
Stamens as long as the petals, inserted at the base of an annular disk; filaments filiform; anthers 1·3–1·5 mm. long, dorsifixed, sagittate; staminodes longer than the petals, very narrowly oblanceolate, caudate, dotted with bright crimson glands.
Petals 3–3·5 × 0·6–0·7 cm., narrowly oblanceolate, straight or somewhat recurved, whitish or mauve, tomentose with simple or branched hairs on the outside and simple hairs directed downwards inside.
Leaf-lamina 6–13 (18) × 3·5–7·5 (11) cm., elliptic to broadly elliptic, acute or slightly apiculate or rounded at the apex, cuneate or obtuse or slightly cordate at the base; petiole 2–10 mm. long.
Fruit a 5-lobed strongly rugose warty septicidal capsule 3·5 cm. in diam., dehiscing from below with the 5 valves remaining attached to the top of a central column.
Sepals 3·2 × 1·8 mm., free or slightly united at the base, ovate, minutely tomentose with branched hairs on the outer surface and simple sericeous hairs within.
Evergreen tree to 20 m. Leaves simple, elliptic, aromatic. Flowers in terminal panicles, large, pink dotted mauve. Capsules large and conspicuously warty.
Tree up to 20 m. tall; young branches, leaves and inflorescences densely tomentose with mixed simple, stellate and branched hairs, soon becoming glabrous.
Flowers erect, mauve; bracteoles 1·3–1·5 mm. long, linear, caducous; pedicels up to 1·5 cm. long, stout.
Ovary 2–3 mm. in diam., globose, apiculate, papillose; style 18–20 mm. long; stigma capitate.
Inflorescence up to 15 cm. long, with opposite cymose branches.
Gynophore 5 mm. long, glandular.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 20.0
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Flower color
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Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A subtropical plant. It is native to the southern half of Africa. It grows in forest and wooded ravines. It South Africa it grows from sea level to 2000 m altitude. It needs protection from frost when young. It does best in full sunlight. In Wittunga Botanical Gardens Adelaide. It suits the subtropics. It suits hardiness zones 9-11. Brisbane Botanical gardens.
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Evergreen riverine and higher-altitude forests. Wooded ravines, evergreen fringe forest, occasionally in scrub. It is not restricted to any specific habitat.
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Hardiness (USDA) 9-11

Usage

The seeds are bitter. They are eaten.
Uses bee plant charcoal dye environmental use essential oil food fuel invertebrate food material medicinal oil ornamental timber wood
Edible nuts seeds
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

It is grown from fresh seed. It can also be grown from cuttings.
Mode cuttings seedlings
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Optimum temperature (C°) 20 - 30
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Images

Flower

Calodendrum capense flower picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)
Calodendrum capense flower picture by zablon zablonlister (cc-by-sa)
Calodendrum capense flower picture by Andrew Gichira (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Calodendrum capense world distribution map, present in India, Kenya, Lesotho, Mozambique, Malawi, eSwatini, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, South Africa, and Zimbabwe

Conservation status

Calodendrum capense threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:771766-1
WFO ID wfo-0000580859
COL ID PXWB
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Tarenna papyracea Calodendrum capense Dictamnus capensis Dictamnus calodendrum