Calophyllum inophyllum L.

Borneo mahogany (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Malpighiales > Calophyllaceae > Calophyllum

Characteristics

Tree 7.5–30 m. tall, usually with a short trunk and long spreading branches; bark pale grey and fawn with shallow elliptic longitudinal fissures; branches smooth, 4-angled when young; branchlets ribbed and bearing obvious leaf scars when dry; leaf-blades bright green, elliptic-oblong to obovate, 8–18.5(–20) cm. long, (4.5–)5–12 cm. wide, rounded to slightly emarginate at the apex, broadly cuneate at the base, the margin ± undulate, coriaceous, the lateral nerves prominent on both surfaces; petiole 1–2.2 cm. long, broadened and flattened towards the apex.. Inflorescences falsely racemose, lax, 3–12-flowered, 7–15 cm. long, in the upper axils; buds globose; pedicels 1.5–4 cm. long.. Sepals 4, reflexed, deciduous, the outer pair round, 7–8 mm. long, the inner obovate, 1 cm. long, rounded at the apex, ± petaloid.. Petals 4, obovate, 0.9–1.2 cm, long, narrower than the inner sepals, reflexed, deciduous.. Stamens in 4 bundles, yellow or orange, equalling or rather shorter than the petals; anthers narrowly oblong, 1.5 mm. long.. Ovary pink, globose; style ± 4 times as long as the ovary, slightly exceeding the stamens, flexuous.. Fruit green, pale brown when dry, globose, 2.5–4 cm. in diameter, smooth, but coarsely wrinkled in dry state.. Seeds brown, ovoid or subglobose, 1.7–2.2 cm. long and wide, ± mamillate, very oily.. Fig. 1.
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Tree 4-10 m tall; trunk usually irregular; sap yellow. Leaves opposite, ellip-tical or obovate, 12-17 cm long, 6-9 cm wide, apically rounded or slightly retuse, basally rounded or obtuse, the costa prominent, stiff chartaceous, evanescent near the apex, subplane above, sharply elevated beneath, the lateral venation evident, ribs (veins and ducts) 18-20 per cm, the ducts not evident on the surface, the margins sometimes drying minutely revolute; petioles 1.5-2 cm long, drying dark brown, rounded concave above. Inflorescences axillary, racemes to ca. 13 cm long, flowers 1-4 at a node; the rachis minutely puberulent near the base; otherwise glabrous; pedicels 2-4 cm long, 1-4 at a node; bracts wanting; brac-teoles minute. Flowers showy, white, ca. 2 cm across, fragrant, perfect; sepals ca. 4, the outer pair coriaceous, rotund, the interior pair petaloid; petals 3-6, obovate, stamens numerous (200-350), the filaments basally connate, the anthers oblong linear, 1-2 mm long; ovary glabrous, the style 6-8 mm long, much ex-ceeding the ovary, the stigma peltate. Fruit subglobose, ca. 2.5 cm across, often apiculate, drying wrinkled and often glaucous brown, the locule occupying half the interior or less, the remainder packed with corky endocarp; seed ellipsoidal, ca. 2 cm long.
Tree to 25 (–35) m high; bark exudate clear golden yellow, sticky. Terminal bud plump, 4–9 mm long; uppermost axillary bud s to 1.2 mm long. Twigs farinose, puberulous or glabrous. Leaves: petiole 3–4 mm wide, glabrous to farinose; lamina elliptic, oblong, ovate or obovate, (5.5–) 8–20 (–23) cm long, (3.4–) 4–11.5 cm wide, base cuneate or rounded, apex rounded to retuse, acute or obtuse, midvein from above lamina base to midpoint depressed with or without raised margins, midvein above glabrous. Inflorescence axes glabrous or strigulose, usually unbranched, sometimes with 3 flowered branches. Pedicel (10–) 15–45 (–63) mm long, glabrous or strigulose. Flowers (13–) 20–24 mm diam.; tepals 8 rarely to 13; outer tepal s ovate to suborbicular; stamens ( 175–) 210–360 (–440), (3–) 5.7–9 mm long, anther oblong, 0.7–2 mm long; style (2.5–) 4.5–9 mm long; stigma peltate. Fruit globose, subglobose to obovoid, apex acuminate or apiculate to rounded, 25–50 mm long, 20–40 mm wide.
Trees 5-12 m tall. Bark gray brown or dark brown, thick, with longitudinal fissures, always exuding pellucid resins when wounded. Young shoots striate. Petiole robust, 1-2.5 cm; leaf blade shiny on both surfaces, broadly elliptic or obovate-elliptic, rarely oblong, 8-15 × 4-8 cm, thickly leathery, midvein raised abaxially, impressed adaxially, base rounded or broadly cuneate, apex rounded or emarginate. Thyrses in upper axils, 7-11-flowered, rarely shorter than 10 cm. Pedicel 1.5-4 cm. Flowers scented, white, 2-2.5 cm in diam. Sepals 4; outer 2: suborbicular, ca. 8 mm; inner 2: obovate, petaloid. Petals 4, oblanceolate to obovate, ca. 1.1 cm, concave, apex subtruncate or rounded. Ovary subglobose; stigma peltate. Mature fruit yellow, globose, ca. 2.5 cm in diam. Fl. Mar-Jun, fr. Sep-Nov. 2n = 32.
Trees usually with relatively short trunks and spreading branches, 7–25(–35) m. Leaves: petiole broadened and flattened toward blade, 10–25 mm; blade bright green, elliptic-oblong to obovate, 8–20 × 4.5–12 cm, base cuneate to rounded, finally decurrent, margins ± undulate, apex rounded to retuse, lateral veins prominent on both surfaces. Inflorescences in distal axils, 3–12-flowered. Flowers 2 cm diam.; sepals reflexed, outer pair orbiculate, 7–8 mm, inner pair obovate, ± petaloid, 10 mm; petals 4, white, obovate, 9–12 mm; ovary globose. Drupes green, globose to obovoid, 2.5–5 × 2–4 cm; stone subspheric, smooth. 2n = 32.
A medium sized tree. It grows up to 20 m tall. The branches spread out. The bark is light yellow-grey and smooth. The leaves are opposite and leathery. They are glossy green. The leaves are oval and 10-15 cm long by 4-6 cm wide. They have many fine side veins which come out at right angles to the midrib. The flowering structure is unbranched and they are in the axils of leaves. The flowers are white and have both sexes. They are 2-2.5 cm across. The fruit is round, ending in a point. It is 2.5 cm across and yellowish. It has a woody layer around the seed.
Leaves petiolate; lamina (8) 10 × (4–5) 5–10 cm., coriaceous, concolorous, broadly elliptic-oblong to obovate, rounded or shallowly emarginate at the apex, often with undulate margin, broadly cuneate at the base, with lateral nerves prominent on both surfaces; petiole 10–15 mm. long, broadened and flattened towards the apex.
Tree 15–30 m. high, usually with a short trunk and long branches; bark pale grey and fawn with shallow elliptic longitudinal fissures; branches smooth, tetragonal when young, eventually cylindric.
Sepals 4, reflexed, deciduous, outer ones c. 7–8 mm. long, orbicular, inner ones c. 10 mm. long, obovate, ± petaloid, rounded at the apex.
Stamens in 4 fascicles, ?, orange, equal to or rather shorter than the petals; anthers c. 1·5 mm. long, narrowly oblong.
Ovary deep pink, globose; style c. 4 times as long as the ovary, scarcely exceeding the stamens, flexuous.
Inflorescences 7–8 cm. long, racemose, lax, 3–12-flowered, in the axils of the upper leaves.
Petals 4, 9–12 mm. long, obovoid, narrower than the inner sepals, reflexed, deciduous.
Drupe c. 2·5–4 cm. in diam. when ripe, green, globose, smooth, with thick pericarp.
Flowers pedicellate; pedicels 1·5–4 cm. long, spreading to ascending.
Flower-buds 7–9 mm. in diam., globose.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 12.2 - 18.3
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 0.9
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It is native to tropical Asia and the Pacific. It often grows near water and near the sea shore. It can tolerate salt spray. It can be near mangroves. It needs sandy well drained soil. It grows wild or cultivated on open waste sites on hills, seashores, sandy wastelands; 100(-200) m altitude in China. It grows up to 400 m above sea level in Fiji. It grows in places with an annual average temperature of 18-33°C. It is damaged by drought and frost. It suits hardiness zones 11-12.
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Rocky and sandy sea shores, where it grows just above the high-tide mark. Sometimes, especially on islands, it is found inland on sandy soils at elevations up to 200 metres.
Grows in sandy soils or on basaltic outcrops, common along beach front in beach forest, beach scrub or vineforest sometimes inland.
Light 5-6
Soil humidity 5-5
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-11

Usage

"Often cultivated in the tropics as a shade tree or ornamental for its large, lustrous, dark green leaves and scented flowers" (Du Puy & Telford 1993). The timber has been used in construction and boat building. Oil extracted from the seed has been used for medicinal purposes and fuel. See also Beasley (2009), Thomson et al. (2018).
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The oil is edible after refining and removing toxic components. The ripe fruit and seeds are eaten. The unripe fruit are pickled. Caution: The seed, sap and leaves are poisonous.
Uses animal food dye environmental use food invertebrate food material medicinal oil ornamental poison social use timber wood
Edible fruits seeds
Therapeutic use Central nervous system depressants (aerial part), Spasm (aerial part), Analgesics (bark), Anti-inflammatory agents (bark), Wound healing (bark), Antiemetics (bark), Antifungal agents (bark), Antipruritics (bark), Astringents (bark), Cathartics (bark), Demulcents (bark), Diuretics (bark), Edema (bark), Emetics (bark), Emollients (bark), Endophthalmitis (bark), Exanthema (bark), Eye pain (bark), Fever (bark), Furunculosis (bark), Hemorrhage (bark), Hemorrhoids (bark), Lung diseases (bark), Orchitis (bark), Pruritus (bark), Scabies (bark), Skin diseases (bark), Tuberculosis, pulmonary (bark), Ulcer (bark), Urination disorders (bark), Wounds and injuries (bark), Analgesics (flower), Antifungal agents (flower), Eczema (flower), Edema (flower), Exanthema (flower), Eye pain (flower), Furunculosis (flower), Hemorrhoids (flower), Lung diseases (flower), Orchitis (flower), Pruritus (flower), Scabies (flower), Syphilis (flower), Tuberculosis, pulmonary (flower), Ulcer (flower), Wounds and injuries (flower), Anti-inflammatory agents (fruit), Cathartics (fruit), Emetics (fruit), Gastrointestinal diseases (leaf), Analgesics (leaf), Antifungal agents (leaf), Asthenia (leaf), Chickenpox (leaf), Dermatitis (leaf), Edema (leaf), Exanthema (leaf), Eye diseases (leaf), Eye drops (leaf), Eye pain (leaf), Fishes, poisonous (leaf), Furunculosis (leaf), Galactogogues (leaf), Hemorrhoids (leaf), Lung diseases (leaf), Migraine disorders (leaf), Orchitis (leaf), Pruritus (leaf), Scabies (leaf), Sunburn (leaf), Tuberculosis, pulmonary (leaf), Ulcer (leaf), Wounds and injuries (leaf), Analgesics (plant exudate), Anti-inflammatory agents (plant exudate), Respiratory tract infections (plant exudate), Cathartics (plant exudate), Emetics (plant exudate), Anti-bacterial agents (root), Ulcer (root), Anti-infective agents, local (seed), Antirheumatic agents (seed), Leprosy (seed), Anti-poisoning (seed), Scabies (seed), Skin diseases (seed), Analgesics (seed), Anthelmintics (seed), Anti-bacterial agents (seed), Antifungal agents (seed), Antinematodal agents (seed), Arthralgia (seed), Cathartics (seed), Demulcents (seed), Diuretics (seed), Emetics (seed), Exanthema (seed), Gonorrhea (seed), Gout (seed), Molluscacides (seed), Sexually transmitted diseases (seed), Hydrocele (seed), Urination disorders (seed), Boil (unspecified), Cancer (unspecified), Chickenpox (unspecified), Conjunctivitis (unspecified), Cyanogenetic (unspecified), Debility (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Emmenagogue (unspecified), Eye (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Gonorrhea (unspecified), Inflammation (unspecified), Lactogogue (unspecified), Leprosy (unspecified), Metrorrhagia (unspecified), Orchitis (unspecified), Piles (unspecified), Piscicide (unspecified), Puerperium (unspecified), Purgative (unspecified), Rash (unspecified), Rheum (unspecified), Rheumatism (unspecified), Skin (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Stroke (unspecified), Sunburn (unspecified), Vaginitis (unspecified), Wound (unspecified), Parturition (unspecified), Tumor (unspecified), Digestive (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Emetic (unspecified), Pain (unspecified), Scabies (unspecified), Soap (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Catarrh (unspecified), Poison (unspecified), Stitch (unspecified), Anticoagulants (unspecified), Antitubercular agents (unspecified), Antiviral agents (unspecified), Cathartics (unspecified), Insecticides (unspecified), Ulcer (unspecified), HIV infections (whole plant), Leprosy (whole plant), Scabies (whole plant), Skin diseases (whole plant), Cardiovascular system (whole plant excluding root), Hypothermia (whole plant excluding root), Anti-inflammatory agents (wood), Central nervous system depressants (wood)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

They are grown from seed which must be sown fresh. Seeds germinate easily but slowly. Seedlings can be transplanted into the field after 5-6 months.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) 1
Optimum temperature (C°) 29 - 35
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Calophyllum inophyllum leaf picture by Sébastien BEAUSSAERT (cc-by-sa)
Calophyllum inophyllum leaf picture by t4mina (cc-by-sa)
Calophyllum inophyllum leaf picture by ahmad qazi (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Calophyllum inophyllum flower picture by Emma Wallace (cc-by-sa)
Calophyllum inophyllum flower picture by Bachhav Sudarshan (cc-by-sa)
Calophyllum inophyllum flower picture by Aranda Carles (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Calophyllum inophyllum fruit picture by eugénie chons (cc-by-sa)
Calophyllum inophyllum fruit picture by cot Emmanuelle (cc-by-sa)
Calophyllum inophyllum fruit picture by Guy Gerfroit (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Calophyllum inophyllum world distribution map, present in American Samoa, French Southern Territories, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Cameroon, Congo, Cook Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Fiji, Micronesia (Federated States of), Gabon, Guinea, Equatorial Guinea, Guam, Honduras, India, Kenya, Cambodia, Kiribati, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Myanmar, Northern Mariana Islands, Mozambique, Mauritius, Malaysia, Mayotte, Nicaragua, Niue, Nauru, Panama, Philippines, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Puerto Rico, Réunion, Singapore, Seychelles, Thailand, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Taiwan, Province of China, Tanzania, United Republic of, United States Minor Outlying Islands, United States of America, Viet Nam, Wallis and Futuna, and Samoa

Conservation status

Calophyllum inophyllum threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:427190-1
WFO ID wfo-0000581184
COL ID PZHG
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 447082
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Calophyllum bingator Calophyllum blumei Calophyllum spurium Calophyllum apetalum Balsamaria inophyllum Calophyllum inophyllum f. oblongata Calophyllum inophyllum f. obovata Calophyllum ovatifolium Calophyllum inophyllum var. takamaka Calophyllum inophyllum var. wakamatsui Calophyllum wakamatsui Calophyllum inophyllum