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Shrub or semi-climber up to 5 m high, evergreen, twiggy, divaricately branched, spiny; young branches minutely papillose or puberulous, rarely glabrous but becoming glabrous with age, dark green or brownish, wrinkled or smooth; sap milky; spines once or twice bifurcate or sometimes simple, sometimes very small or absent, 0.5-5 cm long, green or brownish, slender or stout and woody, persistent. Leaves very variable, coriaceous or thinly coriaceous, generally ovate, broadly ovate, ovate-elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, 1-7 cm long and 0.8-3.5 cm broad, obtuse, truncate or cordate at the base, apex obtuse to acute, mucronate, glossy dark green above, paler below, glabrous or subglabrous; secondary nerves 6-8 on each side, obscure; petiole short, up to 3 mm long, channelled above; axillary glands small; stipules 0. Inflorescence cymose, compact or somewhat open, few-to many-flowered; subsessile or with peduncles up to 2 cm long; bracts linear 1.5 mm long; pedicels 1-3 mm long, puberulous. Flowers small, white, scented. Calyx 2.5-3 mm long, glabrous or puberulous; sepals ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate-subulate, acuminate. Corolla salver-shaped; tube cylindric 6-9 mm long, slightly wider at the position of the anthers, glabrous or puberulous without, hairy within, especially at the throat; lobes 5, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3.5-5 mm long and 1.5-2.5 mm broad, acute to abruptly acuminate, overlapping to the left, glabrous or puberulous. Stamens 5 inserted at or above the middle of the tube; anthers subsessile, 1.5 mm long. Ovary entire, 2-chambered, each with one ovule; style filiform, 1.5-4 mm long; stigma level with the anthers, ellipsoid, minutely bifurcate at the apex. Fruit a berry, ovoid to oblong 1-1.6 cm long and 4-6 mm in diameter, red, edible. Seeds 1 or 2, irregularly elliptic in outline; testa papillose thinly coriaceous; endosperm 0 or very scanty.
Shrub up to 3 m high, twiggy, densely branched and very spiny, evergreen; branches divaricate, minutely papillose or puberulous to pubescent, very rarely glabrous in the young stage; bark greenish, wrinkled, sap milky; spines once or twice bifurcate, 2.4-5 cm long, arising usually in pairs at the apex of a shoot and decussate to the apical pair of leaves, persistent, green, becoming stout and woody. Leaves coriaceous, ovate-elliptic to elliptic, 1.5-2.8 cm long and 1-1.5 cm broad, truncate to obtuse at the base, rarely subcordate, apex obtuse to acute, mucronate, glossy dark green above, paler below, puberulous to minutely papillose or glabrous, lower surface often wrinkled; secondary nerves 4-6 on each side, obscure; petiole short, up to 3 mm long, channelled above; axillary glands small; stipules 0. Inflorescence cymose, contracted, few-flowered, subsessile; bracts linear-lanceolate, 1.5 mm long; pedicels up to 1 mm long, puberulous. Flowers small, white, scented. Calyx 2.5-3 mm long, puberulous; sepals 5, ovate, acute or, rarely, acuminate. Corolla salver-shaped; tube cylindric, 6-7 mm long, slightly wider towards the mouth, pubescent or glabrous without, hairy within especially at the throat; lobes 5, broadly ovate to subrotund, 2 mm long and 3 mm broad, apex truncate to obtuse, usually minutely mucronulate, overlapping to the left, usually pubescent on both surfaces. Stamens 5, inserted towards the apex of the tube; anthers subsessile 1-5 mm long. Ovary entire, 2-chambered, each with 1 or 2 ovules; style filiform 4 mm long; stigma level with the anthers, ellipsoid, minutely bifurcate at the apex. Fruit a berry, ovoid or subglobose, 6-8 mm long and 4-5 mm in diameter, black or bluish-purple, edible. Seeds 1 or 2, irregularly elliptical in outline; testa rough, hard.
Scandent shrub, unarmed or with very small spines; branches slender, dichoto-mously branched, glabrous with pale green bark; spines bifurcate, 3 mm long, arising in pairs at the apex of the shoot and decussate to the apical pair of leaves, persistent. Leaves coriaceous, ovate, 5-10 cm long and 2.5-4.5 cm broad, rounded to shortly obtuse at the base, apex acute, mucronate, glabrous, dull to glaucous green above, paler below; secondary nerves 7-9 on each side, rather indistinct; petiole short, up to 3 mm long, channelled above; axillary glands present; stipules 0. Inflorescence a contracted cyme, 3-6-flowered, subsessile; bracts linear-lanceolate, 1-5 mm long, ciliate, deciduous; pedicels 3 mm long. Flowers fairly large, white tinged with red, scented. Calyx 3 mm long; sepals 5, lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, otherwise glabrous. Corolla salver-shaped; tube cylindric, 11-14 mm long, glabrous without, hairy within, especially at the throat; lobes 5, lanceolate-oblong, acute, 9-12 mm long, overlapping to the left, glabrous above. Stamens 5, inserted at the middle; anthers subsessile 1.5 mm long. Disc 0. Ovary entire, 2-chambered with 2 ovules in each cell; style 1.5 mm long; stigma some distance below the anthers, ellipsoid, apex bifid, hairy. Fruit a berry, ellipsoid-oblong, 10-12 mm long and 5 mm in diameter, red. Seeds usually 1 or 2, flat, elliptic, 6-8 mm long, testa rough, hard.
Small to large shrub or tree-like, up to 3 m high. Stems densely branched, grey-green; very spiny, spines once or twice bifurcate, 20-45 mm long, paired at shoot apex. Leaves coriaceous, ovate-elliptic, 15-28 x 10-15 mm, base truncate to obtuse, apex obtuse to acute, mucronate, grey-green. Inflorescences cymose, contracted, few-flowered. Flowers small, white, scented. Corolla salver-shaped; tube cylindric, 6-7 mm long, slightly wider towards mouth, hairy within, especially at throat; lobes shorter and more rounded. Anthers subsessile, 1.5 mm long. Flowering time Oct.-Jan. Fruit an ovoid to subglobose berry, 6-8 x 4-5 mm, black or bluish purple. Seeds 1 or 2.
Scandent shrub, unarmed or with very small spines. Stems dichotomously branched; spines bifurcate, 3 mm long. Leaves coriaceous, ovate, 50-100 x 25-45 mm, dull to glaucous-green above, paler below; petioles up to 3 mm long. Inflorescences of contracted cymes, 3-6-flowered. Flowers fairly large, white tinged red, scented. Calyx 3 mm long. Corolla salver-shaped, tube cylindric 11-14 mm long, hairy inside, lobes lanceolate-oblong, acute, 9-12 mm long. Anthers subsessile, 1.5 mm long. Flowering time all year. Fruit an ellipsoid-oblong berry, 10-12 x 5 mm. Seeds 1 or 2.
Scrambling or tree-like shrub, 0.2-4.0 m high. Stems with spines, simple or once to twice bifurcate, 20-45 mm long. Leaves ovate, 10-70 x 8-35 mm; petioles up to 3 mm long, small colleters in axils. Inflorescences terminal. Flowers salver-shaped, homomorphic, white. Calyx 2.5-3.0 mm long. Corolla: tube 6-9 mm long, glabrous inside; lobes narrowly elliptic, 3.5-5.0 mm long. Anthers 1.5 mm long. Gynoecium syncarpous. Style homostylous, 1.5-4.0 mm long; stigma minutely bifid. Flowering time Oct.-Dec. Fruit an ovoid to oblong berry, 10-16 x 4-6 mm. Seeds 1 or 2.
Normally a shrub. It can be partly a climber. It grows 3 m tall. It is evergreen, and spiny. The spines can have one or two forks. The leaves vary but are often egg shaped. They are 1-7 cm long by 0.8-3.5 cm wide. The tip has a small thorn-like point. Leaves are dark green above and paler underneath. The flowers are small and white. They have long tubes which flare out. They have a scent. They occur in clusters at the ends of twigs. The fruit are berries which are 1.6 cm long. They are purple-red. They contain 1-2 seeds. The fruit are bright red and edible.
Shrub up to 5 m high, sparingly branched, usually spiny; spines slender, bifurcate, 0.5-2.5 (rarely to 3.5) cm long. Leaves thinly coriaceous to coriaceous, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-7 cm long, truncate to obtuse at the base. Anthers situated near the middle or towards the apex of the corolla tube. Style 1.5-3 (rarely to 3.5) mm long. Fruits ovoid-oblong, 1.2-1.5 cm long.
Shrub, up to 5 m high. Spines slender to robust, up to 50 mm long, bifurcate, twice bifurcate or simple. Leaves with blade coriaceous, broadly ovate, ovate or narrowly ovate. Flowers: 5-merous; corolla tube 6-9 mm long, corolla lobes 3.5-5.0 mm long, longer than broad, overlapping to the left, white; Sep.-Mar. Fruit a red berry.
Twiggy, shrub to 5 m armed with simple or forked thorns; sap milky. Leaves leathery, elliptic, glossy. Flowers in terminal, subumbellate cymes, white, fragrant, corolla lobes 3.5-5.0 mm. Fruits red, 8-16 mm long.
Spines slender (rarely > 25 mm long), sometimes absent. Leaves thinly coriaceous, rarely > 60 mm long, broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate. Fruit ovoid-oblong.
Shrub, up to 5 m high. Spines slender, rarely longer than 25 mm, bifurcate. Leaves thin, up to 60 mm long, broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate. Flowers white.
