Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.

Kapoktree (en), Kapokier (fr), Fromager (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Malvales > Malvaceae > Ceiba

Characteristics

Tree to 35(-50) m., with very straight trunk; main branches at right-angles to the trunk; crown layered in young trees; bole buttressed; bark smooth, in Flora area usually with scattered conical spines 1-1.5 cm. long.. Young branches glabrous or pubescent; older branches often spiny.. Leaves 5-9-foliolate; stipules quickly caducous, leaving a large scar; petiole 5.5-25 cm. long, glabrous or sparsely pubescent in young leaves, pulvinate at the base, at the apex expanded into an almost circular disk; leaflets narrowly elliptic or narrowly obovate, 7-20 cm. long, 1.8-6.5 cm. wide, acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base, undulate at the margin, or rarely obscurely toothed near the apex in young leaves, glabrous; secondary veins in 14-20 pairs; petiolules 1-10 mm. long.. Flowers often on leafless branches, or sometimes present when the whole tree is leafless; inflorescence axillary, fasciculate, 1-15-flowered; pedicels 1.8-4.4 cm. long, glabrous, with scars of the caducous bracteoles.. Calyx campanulate, 9-15 mm. long, 11-14 mm. wide, lobed for about one-fifth of its length, the lobes rounded or subacute, glabrous outside and pubescent inside.. Petals pink or white, oblong to spathulate, 2-3.5 cm. long, 0.7-1.5 cm. wide, apex rounded or subacute, tomentose outside and glabrous inside.. Filament-tube 5-9 mm. long, the 5 bundles 15-35 mm. long; anthers coiled or reniform, 3-5 mm. across.. Ovary semi-inferior, 3-5 mm. high, 3-6 mm. across, glabrous or nearly so; style 25-33 mm. long, glabrous.. Capsule at least somewhat woody, loculicidal, smooth-valved, brown, oblong-ellipsoid, 8-26(-60 according to Fl. Cameroun) cm. long, 4-11 cm. across, with a persistent calyx.. Seeds many, subglobose, ± 6 mm. across, dark brown, embedded in copious white or greyish silky wool.. Fig. 4.
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Tree up to 40 m. high, the trunk cylindric, often with strong buttresses, 0.8-2 m. in diam., aculeate; or not, the crown spherical to pyramidal, the branches usually aculeate, the bark smooth and fibrous. Leaves 5-to 9-foliolate, glabrous, the petiole 5-23 cm. long; leaflets with a petiolule 0.5-1.2 cm. long, the blade oblong-lanceolate, slightly narrowed at the base, acuminate at the apex, 10-21 cm. long and 2.3-4.2 cm. wide, the margins sometimes denticulate near the apex. Inflorescences fasciculate, few-to many-flowered. Flowers 2.5-4 cm. long, the pedicel 2.5-3 cm. long, glabrous; calyx campanulate, 4-to 5-lobate and with more or less rounded lobes, 1-1.2 cm. long and 0.9-1.2 cm. wide, glabrous outside, silky-villous inside; petals obovate-oblong, rounded, 2.5-4 cm. long and 1-1.5 cm. wide, light yellow, villous to tomen-tose outside except the base, pubescent near the apex inside; staminal column con-ical, 5-5.5 mm. long, glabrous, the filaments ca. 2.5 cm. long, each bearing 2-3 anfractuose anthers, the anthers 1-thecate; ovary slightly subinferior, globose, glabrous; style filiform at the base, suddenly obliquely enlarged above the staminal column, slightly longer than the stamens; stigma capitate. Capsule subligneous, ellipsoid or fusiform, acute at both ends, 10-26 cm. long and 3-4 cm. in diam., dehiscent or not on the tree, the valves ca. 2 cm. wide; seeds numerous, subglobose, 5.5-7 mm. long and 4.4-5.5 mm. wide; kapok copious, grayish.
Trees to 30 m tall; buttresses small or absent, trunk often sparsely spiny; main branches verticillate, spreading horizontally; young branches spiny. Petiole 7-14(-25) cm, longer than leaflet blade; leaflets 5-9, petiolules 3-4(-10) mm; blades oblong to lanceolate, 5-20 × 1.5-6.5 cm, thinly leathery, glabrous, base acuminate, margin entire or very sparsely and minutely toothed near apex, apex shortly acuminate. Flowers subterminal, solitary or in fascicles of up to 15, produced before or simultaneous with new leaves. Pedicel (1.8-)2.5-5 cm. Calyx (0.9-)1.2-2 cm, adaxially glabrous. Petals pink or white, obovate-oblong, 2.5-4 × 0.7-1.5 cm, abaxially densely white villous, adaxially glabrous. Filaments on staminal tube varying in length; anthers reniform. Ovary glabrous; style 2.5-3.5 cm; stigma rod-shaped, 5-lobed. Capsule oblong, tapering toward tip, 7.5-15(-26) × 3-5(-11) cm, fruiting pedicel 7-25 cm, endocarp leathery, smooth. Seeds globose, ca. 6 mm in diam. Fl. Mar-Apr.
A very large tree with a straight trunk and height of 30-40 m. Trees can be 60 m high and the trunk 8 m around. It has large prickly buttresses near the base. The branches come out horizontally and there is a ring of them around the trunk. The leaves are compound. The leaflets spread out like fingers on a hand, with 5-8 leaflets. They are 5-18 cm long by 2-4.5 cm wide. The leaf stalk is 7-20 cm long. The leaves all fall off the tree (deciduous). Flowers are yellowish white, in clusters near the ends of branches. These hang downwards. A long seed capsule hangs from branches. It is 10-30 cm long. It splits into 5 valves. The seeds are embedded in white or grey kapok.
Leaves 5–9-foliolate (usually 7, very rarely more than 9); petiole up to c. 15 cm. long, glabrous; leaflet-lamina articulated to a ± suborbicular disk at the apex of the petiole, up to 16 × 6·5 cm., narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate-elliptic, acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base, margin undulate or rarely obscurely toothed near the apex, slightly paler below, glabrous on both sides, with 7–10 pairs of nerves slightly raised above, scarcely raised below, looping within the margin; petiolules up to 0·8 cm. long.
Tree up to 18 m. tall (often much taller outside our area) with horizontally branched crown and very straight trunk; bark pale grey, smooth, with scattered conical spines 1–1·5 cm. long, at least when young.
Branches in different forms without prickles or with obtuse or acutely pointed stout prickles, generally prickly in the young state
Petals rose-coloured or white, c. 3·5 × 0·7 cm., oblong-spathulate, rounded at the apex, tomentose outside, glabrous within.
Capsule c. 8–20 × 4–11 cm., oblong-ellipsoid, valves smooth, brown, the whole filled with a copious whitish silky wool.
Calyx c. 1·5 × 1·2 cm., campanulate, lobed i-of the way down with rounded lobes, glabrous outside, pubescent within.
Flowers white, appearing either when the whole tree is bare or on leafless branches
Flowers in axillary fascicles of 1–3; peduncle 2–3 cm. long, glabrous.
Staminal tube c. 5 mm. long; phalanges of 2–3 filaments c. 2 cm. long.
Fruits in some forms bursting on the tree, in others often falling
A tree, up to 200 ft. high, in forest and planted by villages
Seeds many, c. 6 mm. in diam., dark brown, subglobose.
Ovary glabrous or nearly so; style c. 3·3 cm. long.
Trunk with large buttresses
Floss white or grey.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 30.24 - 35.24
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 0.6
Root diameter (meter) 0.9
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a tropical plant. Mostly in the lowlands and up to about 1000 m. It suits rainforest areas with a heavy rainfall. It suits humid locations. The soil needs to be well drained. It can grow in seasonally flooded forests. The tree is easily damaged by strong winds. It needs a temperature of 25°-30°C and not below 15°C. It is light demanding. It suits hardiness zones 11-12. In XTBG Yunnan.
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An emergent tree in various types of moist evergreen and deciduous forests, including those subject to seasonal inundation, as well as in dry forests and gallery forests. As a pioneer species, it mostly occurs in secondary forests.
Light 7-9
Soil humidity 3-7
Soil texture 2-4
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-12

Usage

The young pods can be eaten cooked. The young leaves can be eaten cooked. The seeds can be eaten either roasted fresh, or after sprouting. They are also added to soups. The young flowers can be eaten. They are blanched before eating. The resin from the trunk is put in water and drunk. CAUTION Older pods and leaves have medicinal uses. Large quantities of seeds can upset the digestion.
Uses afforestation animal food coffee substitute dye environmental use fiber fodder food fuel gene source gum invertebrate food material medicinal oil social use timber wood
Edible flowers fruits leaves seeds
Therapeutic use Central nervous system depressants (aerial part), Diuretics (aerial part), Abdominal pain (bark), Anti-infective agents (bark), Antipyretics (bark), Astringents (bark), Constipation (bark), Diuretics (bark), Emetics (bark), Flatulence (bark), Leukorrhea (bark), Liver diseases (bark), Neoplasms (bark), Splenic diseases (bark), Urination disorders (bark), Demulcents (flower), Hemorrhage (flower), Laxatives (flower), Leukorrhea (flower), Analgesics (fruit), Astringents (fruit), Demulcents (fruit), Emollients (fruit), Migraine disorders (fruit), Vertigo (fruit), Edema (leaf), Emollients (leaf), Aphrodisiacs (plant exudate), Astringents (plant exudate), Diarrhea (plant exudate), Gonorrhea (plant exudate), Hemostatics (plant exudate), Inflammatory bowel diseases (plant exudate), Laxatives (plant exudate), Menorrhagia (plant exudate), General tonic for rejuvenation (plant exudate), Urination disorders (plant exudate), Anti-bacterial agents (root), Antifungal agents (root), Antipyretics (root), Aphrodisiacs (root), Diabetes mellitus (root), Diuretics (root), Dysentery (root), Dysuria (root), Emetics (root), Fever (root), Gonorrhea (root), Hyperglycemia (root), Parasympatholytics (root), General tonic for rejuvenation (root), Scorpion stings (root), Anemia, hemolytic (seed), Antirheumatic agents (seed), Antiviral agents (seed), Diabetes mellitus (seed), Astringents (stem), Hemostatics (stem), General tonic for rejuvenation (stem), Headache (unspecified), Alopecia (unspecified), Asthma (unspecified), Astringent (unspecified), Catarrh (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Emetic (unspecified), Emollient (unspecified), Enterosis (unspecified), Erysipelas (unspecified), Feet (unspecified), Female (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Filler (unspecified), Hoarseness (unspecified), Hydropsy (unspecified), Leprosy (unspecified), Neuralgia (unspecified), Parturition (unspecified), Salt (unspecified), Shampoo (unspecified), Soap (unspecified), Spasm (unspecified), Sprain (unspecified), Swelling (unspecified), Tumor (unspecified), Urethritis (unspecified), Wound (unspecified), Antidiarrheic (unspecified), Bladder (unspecified), Bowel (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Gravel (unspecified), Syphilis (unspecified), Cardiovascular system (unspecified), Central nervous system diseases (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Gonorrhea (unspecified), Insecticides (unspecified), Menorrhagia (unspecified), Diuretics (whole plant excluding root)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from seed. Seeds germinate quickly and seedlings can be transplanted. It can be easily grown from large cuttings. Plants can be budded.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) 1
Optimum temperature (C°) 17 - 38
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Ceiba pentandra habit picture by R. Tournebize (cc-by-sa)
Ceiba pentandra habit picture by Thiam Moussa (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Ceiba pentandra leaf picture by Natem Atuk (cc-by-sa)
Ceiba pentandra leaf picture by Yusuph abdallah Said (cc-by-sa)
Ceiba pentandra leaf picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)

Flower

Ceiba pentandra flower picture by Obando Soto (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Ceiba pentandra fruit picture by Manuela Bibrach (cc-by-sa)
Ceiba pentandra fruit picture by Julien Champ (cc-by-sa)
Ceiba pentandra fruit picture by Chuck Fluri (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Ceiba pentandra world distribution map, present in Angola, Anguilla, American Samoa, Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Benin, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, Burkina Faso, Bangladesh, Bahamas, Belize, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Barbados, Brunei Darussalam, Central African Republic, China, Cameroon, Congo, Cook Islands, Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, Fiji, Micronesia (Federated States of), Gabon, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Grenada, French Guiana, Guam, Guyana, Honduras, Indonesia, India, Jamaica, Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Saint Lucia, Sri Lanka, Mexico, Marshall Islands, Myanmar, Northern Mariana Islands, Mozambique, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Niue, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Palau, Puerto Rico, Sudan, El Salvador, South Sudan, Sao Tome and Principe, Suriname, Seychelles, Chad, Togo, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Taiwan, Province of China, United States of America, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Viet Nam, and Zambia

Conservation status

Ceiba pentandra threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1166232-2
WFO ID wfo-0000592594
COL ID S2C6
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 447007
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Bombax guineensis Bombax occidentale Bombax orientale Ceiba anfractuosa Ceiba guineensis Ceiba occidentalis Ceiba thonningii Bombax mompoxense Bombax pentandrum Ceiba caribaea Ceiba casearia Eriodendron anfractuosum Eriodendron occidentale Eriodendron orientale Eriodendron pentandrum Gossampinus alba Gossampinus rumphii Ceiba thonnerii Bombax guineense Eriodendron caribaeum Bombax pentandrum Eriodendron anfractuosum var. caribaeum Eriodendron anfractuosum var. guianense Ceiba pentandra var. caribaea Ceiba guineensis var. ampla Ceiba guineensis var. clausa Ceiba pentandra var. indica Eriodendron anfractuosum var. indicum Eriodendron anfractuosum var. africanum Xylon pentandrum Bombax cumanense Eriodendron caribaeum Ceiba pentandra f. albolana Ceiba pentandra f. grisea Ceiba pentandra var. clausa Ceiba pentandra var. dehiscens Bombax inerme Ceiba pentandra