Celtis australis L.

European hackberry (en), Micocoulier de provence (fr), Falabreguier (fr), Micocoulier de Provence (fr), Micocoulier austral (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Rosales > Cannabaceae > Celtis

Characteristics

Tree to 25 m high. Leaves: lamina ovate-lanceolate, oblique, usually 4–15 cm long, 1–4 cm wide, rounded or cordate at base, serrate or double-serrate margin, acuminate at apex, not markedly triveined, scabrous above, velvety below; petiole 8–20 mm long; stipules 0.5–2 cm long. Inflorescence few-flowered. Male flowers: pistillode present. Bisexual flowers: perianth lobes ovate, c. 3 mm long; stamens not exceeding perianth; ovary ovoid-cylindrical; stigmatic arms spreading to horizontal or recurved. Drupe globose, 9–12 mm wide, brown to black; pedicel to 3.5 cm long. See also Walsh (2015).
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A tree which grows 25 m tall. It loses its leaves during the year. The crown is rounded. The trunk is thick. The young branches are downy. The bark is smooth and grey. The leaves are oval or sword shaped. They are 15 cm long by 5 cm wide. They have a sharp point. There are teeth along the edge. The leaf stalk is short. The male and female flowers are small and greenish. They can occur singly or in small clusters in the axils of leaves. The fruit are small, round and berry-like. They are dark purple when ripe. They are 1 cm across. They are sweet and edible.
Deciduous tree, 10-30 m high, bark grey and smooth, lenticels smooth minute. Leaves alternate, simple, narrowly ovate, apices acuminate, base rounded, slightly asymmetrical, margins usually serrate throughout, grey-pubescent beneath and drying bright yellow-green above; petioles 5-15 mm long, densely pubescent. Inflorescence appearing with leaves; buds pubescent. Fruit a glabrous, ellipsoid drupe, 10-12 mm in diam., purple-black when ripe.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination
Spread endozoochory
Mature width (meter) 5.75
Mature height (meter) 19.0 - 20.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) 0.3
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It grows in temperate places. It is native to S.W. Asia and S. Europe. It grows on warm, dry, rocky slopes. It can grow in arid soils. It does better in soils with lime. It can only tolerate light frosts. In the Indian Himalayas it grows between 1,300-1,500 m above sea level. It suits hardiness zones 8-11.
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Hedges, banks and sandy places. Woods, meadows and on riverbanks and cliffs.
Disturbed riparian vegetation, weedy gullies.
Light 6-8
Soil humidity 2-7
Soil texture 2-5
Soil acidity 2-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 6-9

Usage

Planted as an ornamental and shade tree in parks and gardens. See Rodd (1996), Spencer (1997).
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The ripe fruit are eaten raw or cooked. They are also made into wine.
Uses dye eating environmental use fiber fodder material medicinal oil ornamental reforestation shade timber wood
Edible fruits seeds
Therapeutic use Mastitis (bark), Amenorrhea (fruit), Colic (fruit), Anthelmintics (leaf), Galactogogues (leaf), Colic (root), Stomach diseases (root), Abdominal pain (seed), Cathartics (seed), Amenorrhea (unspecified), Colic (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Leprosy (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from seed. It can also be grown from suckers near the base and from cuttings or layering.
Mode cuttings seedlings suckers
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -23
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Celtis australis habit picture by Mimi (cc-by-sa)
Celtis australis habit picture by PapaGhandy11 (cc-by-sa)
Celtis australis habit picture by Serge Fournier (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Celtis australis leaf picture by angela (cc-by-sa)
Celtis australis leaf picture by Vidal Toni (cc-by-sa)
Celtis australis leaf picture by Aramis Enrico (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Celtis australis flower picture by Almudena Jiménez (cc-by-sa)
Celtis australis flower picture by Karlheinz Roch (cc-by-sa)
Celtis australis flower picture by Nickolay Skobelev (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Celtis australis fruit picture by Maurizia Bergamaschi (cc-by-sa)
Celtis australis fruit picture by angela (cc-by-sa)
Celtis australis fruit picture by Celio (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Celtis australis world distribution map, present in Australia, France, Pakistan, United States of America, and South Africa

Conservation status

Celtis australis threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:850999-1
WFO ID wfo-0000593422
COL ID 5XGKD
BDTFX ID 14954
INPN ID 89468
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Celtis australis f. variegata Celtis australis Celtis kotschyana Celtis alpina Celtis eriocarpa Celtis excelsa Celtis lutea Celtis serrata Celtis australis var. eriocarpa