Celtis timorensis Span.

Species

Angiosperms > Rosales > Cannabaceae > Celtis

Characteristics

Medium-sized tree up to 20 m, 30 cm ø. Bark smooth, grey. Innovations densely rufous-hairy. Branchlets glabrous, rather densely lenticellate. Terminal buds ovoid-conical, c. 3-4 by 2 mm. Stipules linear-lanceolate, 5-10 by 1-2 mm. Leaves thin-coriaceous, ovate-elliptic to elliptic-oblong, (6-)10-12(-17) by (2½-)4-5(-8) cm, index 1½-2½; except for the midrib and nerves glabrous, discolorous, upper surface dull grey to blackish, lower surface chocolate-brown; base rounded to subcordate, mostly asymmetrical, margin undulate, distantly serrulate to crenate at least for the upper half; apex acute to acuminate; midrib and nerves flattish to impressed above, raised beneath; nerves 1—2(—3) pairs, arcuating and ascending, the lowest pair running to (½-)⅔(-4/5) the length of the leaf, anastomosing along the margin; reticulations subscalariform, sparse, rather distinct beneath; petiole 5-15 by 1-2 mm, sulcate. Flowers 5-merous. Inflorescence ♂ or ♂ ⚥, racemose, lax, axes slender, always longer than the petiole, including the bracts sparsely rufous-hairy; bracts narrow ovate-acute, c. 3-5 by 1-2 mm. ♂ Inflorescences borne on the lower and leafless parts of the new shoots, much-branched, 10-20-flowered, up to 3 cm long; ♂ flower c. 2 mm ø; perianth lobes c. 1½-2 by 1 mm; filaments l-1½ mm, anthers reniform, c. 1 by ½ mm; pistillode present but strongly reduced in size. ⚥ Inflorescences borne in the axils of new leaves, 4-7-flowered, up to 2-3 cm long; ⚥ flower c. 2-3 mm ø; perianth lobes c. 1½-2 by 1 mm; filaments c. ½-1 mm, anthers subreniform, c½-¾ by ½ mm; ovary ovoid-ellipsoid, c. 2 by lmm; stigmatic arms c. l-l½ mm, spreading. Infructescence up to 4-5 cm long. Fruit ovoid, terete or 4-angular, beaked, 5-10 by 3-6 mm, glabrous. Embryo curved, hypocotyle ascending; cotyledons broad, folded, equal; endosperm scanty.
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Trees, to 20 m tall, evergreen. Bark grayish white, gray, or grayish brown. Branchlets golden brown pubescent when young, brown and glabrescent with age, with scattered short linear lenticels. Winter buds brown, ca. 2 mm; scales at least inner ones pubescent. Stipules linear-lanceolate to linear, 2-7 mm, not enclosing bud, caducous. Petiole 3-12 mm, pubescent, glabrescent; leaf blade usually golden brown pubescent when young, ovate-elliptic to ovate-oblong, 5-15 × 2.5-7.5 cm, ± coriaceous, base broadly cuneate to ± rounded and distinctly asymmetric, margin entire or weakly serrate above middle and with 15 low rounded teeth on each side, apex acuminate to caudate-acuminate; secondary veins 1 or 2 on each side of midvein. Inflorescence a branched cyme, ca. 10-flowered, golden brown pubescent when young; proximal inflorescences with male flowers, distal inflorescences with male and female flowers. Styles 2, linear, undivided. Infructescences branched, 2-3.5 cm, pubescent or glabrous, with 3 or 4 drupes and several prominent scars from fallen flowers. Drupe yellow, becoming red to orange-red when mature, broadly ovoid, 7-9 mm, base rounded, apex conic-acute. Stone white, ovoid, ca. 6 mm, reticulately foveolate, conspicuously 4-ribbed.
Tree to 25 m high; young branchlets rufous-pubescent, glabrescent. Leaves: lamina ovate to oblong, 5–13 cm long, c. 3–4.5 cm wide, obtuse or rounded to subcordate at base, oblique, serrulate towards apex, acuminate, strongly 3-veined, pubescent on veins beneath; petiole 3–10 mm long; stipules ovate. Inflorescence to 3 cm long, woolly hairy; bisexual inflorescences c. 2–7-flowered, lax; male inflorescences c. (5–) 10–20-flowered, much-branched. Perianth lobes 4 or 5, oblong, c. 2 mm long, obtuse, membranous, ciliate. Stamens 4 or 5; anthers large, sometimes absent. Receptacle woolly. Ovary ovoid, c. 2 mm long; stigmatic arms linear, spreading, absent in male flowers. Drupe ovoid, somewhat compressed, 7–11 mm long, red or black, glabrous; beak bifid; pyrene rugose. See also Zich et al. (2020).
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 20.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color -
Blooming months -
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

Outside Malesia the species grows in evergreen forests or along streams in deciduous forests. In Malesia it is more common in areas with a rather prominent seasonal climate, 0-1500 m. Fl. fr. Nov.-April.
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Rainforest. In drier, more seasonal rainforest, fide Zich et al. (2020). On Christmas Island, frequent in marginal forest, where it may become one of the emergent trees, and in open forest on terraces.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 8-12

Usage

Uses construction material medicinal
Edible -
Therapeutic use Headache (unspecified), Depurative (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Fumigant (unspecified), Nerves (unspecified), Skin (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Mode -
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Celtis timorensis unspecified picture

Distribution

Celtis timorensis world distribution map, present in Australia, Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, India, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Uruguay, and Viet Nam

Conservation status

Celtis timorensis threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:851190-1
WFO ID wfo-0000593788
COL ID 69GLC
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Sponia pendula Celtis cinnamomea Celtis dysodoxylon Celtis reticulosa Celtis timorensis Celtis waitzii Celtis hamata Celtis crenato-serrata