Cordia africana Lam.

Species

Angiosperms > Boraginales > Boraginaceae > Cordia

Characteristics

Shrub or usually a small tree to about 10 m. but occasionally much taller and attaining 18 or even 30 m.; bole usually curved or crooked, 3–8(–12) m. high; bark dark to pale brown, rough and fibrous, peeling, longitudinally fissured; inner bark white turning black; slash yellow or white turning green, grey or brownish; crown spreading, rounded or umbrella-like.. Young stems brown-velvety tomentose and with longer hairs but later ± glabrous.. Leaf-blades alternate, ovate, elliptic or almost round, 7.5–17.5(–30) cm. long, 3.5–9(–22.5) cm. wide, rounded to acuminate at the apex, rounded to cordate or rarely cuneate at the base, ± thick, discolorous, glabrous to scabrid above, shortly tomentellous and with longer pubescence on the raised reticulate venation beneath to very thickly velvety (‘ C. holstii ’) or eventually ± glabrous save for long hairs on the venation; petiole 1.3–13 cm. long.. Flowers hermaphrodite, sweetly scented, sessile, hairy, having much the appearance of artificial flowers made of crinkly paper, massed in compact conspicuous panicles of scorpioid cymes up to 14 × 14 cm., shorter than the leaves.. Calyx tubular-campanulate, (5–)7–9 mm. long, 4–6 mm. wide at the throat, conspicuously 10-ribbed, dark-brown tomentose, irregularly 4–5-toothed or sometimes ± 2-lipped.. Corolla white, funnel-shaped, spreading at the apex, (1.4–)2–2.5 cm. long and about as wide; tube mostly 1.8–2.2 cm. long and lobes usually 2–3 mm. long, 1.1 cm. wide, retuse, strongly folded, crenellate, sparsely pubescent outside, the median nerves with a short hairy mucro.. Stamens included; anthers blackening; filaments 8–10 mm. long.. Ovary ovoid, 2–3 mm. long, 1.5–1.8 mm. wide, glabrous; style 1.2–2 cm. long, divided 0.7–1.4 cm. from the base; stigmas subulate, 1–2 mm. long.. Fruits yellow, subglobose or ovoid, 1–1.2 cm. long, 6–10 mm. wide, with sweet mucilaginous flesh, glabrous, contained in the slightly accrescent cupuliform still 10-lobed calyx ± 1.1 cm. wide; endocarp subquadrangular; seeds 2–4.. Figs. 5/11, 12, p. 24; 8, p. 32.
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A large tree. It looses its leaves during the year. The crown is rounded. The trunk is often crooked. It grows 15 m high. The bark is pale brown and rough. It becomes cracked with age. The leaves are large and oval. They can be 16 cm long. They taper towards the tip. The base is rounded. The leaves are dark green above and paler underneath. The young shoots and underneath the leaves are covered with soft brown hairs. The flowers are white. They are funnel shaped. The occur in large numbers near the ends of branches. The flowers have a sweet scent. The fruit are round and 1 cm across. They are yellow. They are in a hairy cup. The seeds are in sweet sticky flesh. The fruit is edible. They contain about 6 seeds.
Leaves alternate or sometimes almost ternate; petiole (1.5)2.5–10.5 cm. long, canaliculate, glabrous or tawny-powdery and sometimes also tawny-pubescent; lamina 6–21 x 4.0–16.5 cm., ovate or broadly ovate, sometimes subcircular or elliptic, glabrous or on the youngest leaves scabrous or minutely scaly above, powdery and often tawny-hairy on the nerves and veins below, usually rounded and suddenly shortly acuminate, sometimes acute at the apex, subacute to cordate and often asymmetrical at the base, with entire or shallowly crenate margins, usually stiffly coriaceous, with 5–7 secondary nerves on each side of the midrib, tertiary nerves perpendicular to the secondary ones, both prominent below.
Small to medium sized deciduous tree, up to 24 m. high; trunk usually forking a few meters from the base; bark grey to dark brown, shallow fissured; crown spreading, dome-shaped; branchlets glabrous, powdery or pubescent, sometimes hairy.
Calyx 7–9 mm. long and 4–7 mm. wide at the mouth, tubular, with 10–12 well marked ridges, coriaceous, minutely tomentose outside, glabrous inside, opening by an operculum and later splitting into 3–5 teeth, sometimes becoming bilabiate.
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 24 m high. Leaves farinose below, with or without spreading hairs. Calyx in flower with 10-12 well-marked ridges, tomentose outside. Corolla lobes shallow, much broader than long. Flowers white.
Fruit c. 12 x 8 mm., ovoid, ellipsoid or obovoid, apiculate, glabrous, dark brown, surrounded at base by the widened cup-shaped calyx; pyrene subquadrangular in cross section.
Corolla 17–21(24) mm. long, funnel-shaped, white; tube 15–19(22) mm. long; lobes 1.5–3.0 x 10–13(15) mm., retuse and with a pubescent mucron c. 1 mm. long, margin undulate.
Stamens enclosed, inserted at 3–5 mm. from the base of the corolla; anthers 2.0–2.5 mm. long; filaments 7–10 mm. long, slender, with a few pellucid hairs at the base.
Ovary c. 2.0 x 1.5 mm., ovoid, glabrous; style 13–18 mm. long, first forked at 7–12 mm. from the base, stigmatic branches c. 1.5 mm. long, more or less clavate.
Cymes arranged in terminal leafy usually ample panicles; rhachis and branches tawny or brown, minutely tomentose.
Conspicuous funnel-shaped white flowers in paniculate cymes
Flowers hermaphrodite, on pedicels up to 1 mm. long.
Yellow succulent fruits 1/3-1/2 in. in diam.
A shrub or small tree up to 25 ft. high
Broad leaves strongly-nerved beneath
Seeds 1–2, very rarely 3–4.
Often planted.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 10.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

Savannah woodland. Often found in woodland and brush in warm moist areas, and along river banks, in Tanzania it is common in pastureland. Found at low to medium elevations.
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A tropical plant. It grows in wooded grassland and forest. It grows between 1,200-2,100 m altitude in East Africa. It cannot tolerate frost. It can grow in arid places.
Light -
Soil humidity 1-3
Soil texture 7-8
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

The ripe fruit has a sweet edible pulp and are eaten raw. It is used for drinks and sweets. The fruit are also dried. The kernel of the nut is used to make an alcoholic drink. Caution: Alcohol is a cause of cancer.
Uses animal food bee plant environmental use fodder food fuel gene source invertebrate food material medicinal ornamental poison social use timber wood
Edible fruits seeds
Therapeutic use Sweetener (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from seed. It can be cut back and will re-grow.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 25 - 30
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Cordia africana leaf picture by Sazini Makamu (cc-by-sa)
Cordia africana leaf picture by Sazini Makamu (cc-by-sa)
Cordia africana leaf picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Cordia africana flower picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)
Cordia africana flower picture by Hugo SANTACREU (cc-by-sa)
Cordia africana flower picture by Hugo SANTACREU (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Cordia africana fruit picture by dominoel dominoel (cc-by-sa)
Cordia africana fruit picture by Augustin Soulard (cc-by-sa)
Cordia africana fruit picture by Hugo SANTACREU (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Cordia africana world distribution map, present in Angola, Brazil, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Guinea, India, Kenya, Madagascar, Mali, Mozambique, Malawi, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, South Sudan, Chad, Togo, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, Yemen, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Conservation status

Cordia africana threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:113939-1
WFO ID wfo-0000620224
COL ID YB6M
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 629409
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Lithocardium abyssinicum Lithocardium amplifolium Calyptracordia abyssinica Cordia abyssinica Cordia holstii Cordia unyorensis Gerascanthus holstii Gerascanthus africanus Cordia abyssinica Varronia abyssinica Cordia harara Cordia amplifolia Cordia africana