Cussonia spicata Thunb.

Spiked cabbage tree (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Apiales > Araliaceae > Cussonia

Characteristics

Perennial tree, thickset, unbranched or with sparingly branched trunk, 3-30 m high. Bark grey to dark grey, thick and corky. Leaves bi-digitate, up to 700 mm in diam., 5-12 leaflets, ± divided into 2 parts, leaflets lanceolate, deeply lobed, with lateral pinnules adding to pattern given by winged rachillae, 60-160 x 20-50 mm; shiny, lower surface yellow-green to green, upper dark green to bluish green; midrib conspicuous, apex and base tapering, margins entire to sharply toothed; petioles stout, 0.6-1.0 m long; petiolules of primary leaflets absent or up to 50 mm long, usually winged, rarely not. Flowers in double umbel of spikes, comprising 8-12 thick, closely packed spikes, 50-150 x 10-40 mm, forming a candelabra-like head; greenish yellow, sessile, subtended by 1-3 bracts. Flowering time Nov.-May. Fruit subobconical to wedge-shaped almost angular, 4-6 mm in diam., purple, closely clustered along spikes and with floral bracts clasping fruit (June-Sept.).
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A tree up to 17 m. or more tall, unbranched or with a sparingly branched bole, bearing a crown of large digitately compound leaves.. Petiole up to 67 cm. long and 1 cm. diameter, glabrous or minutely pubescent especially in stipular region; leaflets 6–12, sessile to petiolulate, rather coriaceous, pinnatifid to partially pinnate (fig. 2/1, 2), up to 35 cm. long by 19 cm. wide, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs; petiolules up to 8 cm. long, often narrowly winged for some distance.. Spikes pedunculate (fig. 3/3); flowering region occupying one-quarter to six-sevenths of the rhachis; floral bracts up to 3 mm. long, ciliate, inconspicuous.. Fruits subobconical to wedge-shaped, often constricted immediately below stylopodium, up to 12 mm. long, glabrous or minutely puberulous.. Figs. 2/1, 2 (p. 9), 3/3 (p. 10).
A thickset tree. It grows 3-10 m tall. The bark is yellowish-grey. It is thick and corky. The leaves are crowded near the ends of the branches. They are compound leaves and up to 70 cm across. There are 5-9 leaflets from the end of a stout leaf stalk. This can be 40 cm long. The leaflets are dark green or bluish-green. They are lobed and dissected. The edge has sharp teeth. The flowers are greenish-yellow. They are closely packed along 8-12 thick spikes. These are 5-15 cm long by 1.5-4 cm wide. The fruit is angular. It is 4-6 mm across. They are purple when mature.
Leaves digitately compound (but palmate or even simple and ± entire in juvenile forms); petiole up to 50(67) cm. long, usually glabrous but sometimes slightly pubescent.
Leaflets 6–9(12), up to 30(35) × 15(19) cm., sessile or with distinct petiolules, coriaceous, glabrous to subglabrous; lobes very variable in outline.
Tree, 6-18 m high. Leaves bi-or multidigitately compound and dark green; primary petiolule winged. Flowers in simple spikes; green or creamy.
Fruit obconical-ellipsoid, very densely packed together and consequently faceted, up to 12 mm. long, glabrous or very slightly puberulous.
Leaves of mature trees characterized by the presence of prominent wedge-shaped decurrent wings on the petiolules (connate stipules).
Thick-stemmed tree to 10 m. Leaves 2-digitate, leaflets vertebrate-digitate. Flower spikes umbellate, greenish yellow.
Tree up to 17 m. high, but commonly 5–10 m., often with an unbranched trunk, but sometimes with sparse branches.
Flowers sessile, with small narrowly lanceolate floral bracts; stylopodium short.
Spikes very dense, with obvious distinct peduncles and basal bracts.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality -
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 7.0 - 16.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It is native to E and S Africa. It grows on mountain slopes and dry lowveld. It loses its leaves with heavy frost. In Malawi it grows between 1,250-2,450 m altitude. It can grow in arid places. It suits hardiness zones 9-11.
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Upland rainforest, upland dry evergreen forest, wooded grassland, at elevations from 1,400-2,600 metres in Tanzania.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture 7-8
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-11

Usage

The roots are chewed for their moisture and the fibre spat out. The thick young roots or tubers are dug out and peeled and chewed. CAUTION: There are reports that the roots are poisonous. The fruit are eaten.
Uses animal food bee plant environmental use fiber food gene source invertebrate food material medicinal poison social use vertebrate poison wood
Edible fruits leaves roots
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are grown from fresh seed. It can also be grown from cuttings.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Cussonia spicata leaf picture by Clase Pierre (cc-by-sa)
Cussonia spicata leaf picture by Kevin Thomas (cc-by-sa)
Cussonia spicata leaf picture by David Dlamini (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Cussonia spicata flower picture by Casini Elena (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Cussonia spicata world distribution map, present in Botswana, Comoros, Kenya, Mozambique, Sudan, eSwatini, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:90185-1
WFO ID wfo-0000933671
COL ID 32MJR
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 807274
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Cussonia calophylla Cussonia kraussii Cussonia triptera Cussonia boivinii Cussonia quercifolia Cussonia spicata