Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler

Southern crabgrass (en), Fonio cilié (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Poales > Poaceae > Digitaria

Characteristics

Sprawling annual tufts, rooting at nodes to form loose mats. Leaf-sheath folded, striate, stiff, light green with numerous, spreading to retrorse, fine tubercle-based hairs. Ligule 1-2 mm, membranous, glabrous, truncate to rounded, erose. Leaf-blade 3-6 cm × (3)-3.5-5-(6) mm, soft, linear, usually with scattered to dense fine hairs, ribs usually scabrid especially above, sometimes smooth; margins scabrid, narrowed rather abruptly to acute tip. Culm (15)-20-40 cm, erect to decumbent, internodes glabrous. Racemes 2-9, (3)-6-8.5-(11.5) cm, slender, closely digitate to approximate, spreading; rachis 3-angled, winged, 0.4-0.8 mm wide, scabrid on angles and often near base; pedicels scabrid on angles with longer prickle-teeth. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm, in pairs, lanceolate, acute, light green or purplish, laterally hairy, hairs fine, acute-tipped. Lower glume (0.2)-0.3-0.5 mm, triangular, acute to obtuse, nerveless, glabrous, upper 1.5-2.2 mm, c. ⅔ length of spikelet, 3-nerved, margins long-hairy. Lower floret: lemma = spikelet, 3-5-nerved, nerves glabrous, outer internerves long-hairy. Upper floret: lemma ≈ spikelet, acute, yellowish or purplish; palea ≈ lemma, acute; anthers 0.8-1.3 mm, purple; stigmas purple; caryopsis c. 1.5-2 mm, oblong.
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Annual. Culms decumbent at base, branching and rooting at lower nodes, 30–100 cm tall. Leaf sheaths ± pilose; leaf blades linear to linear-lanceolate, 5–20 × 0.3–1 cm, adaxial surface usually pilose, margins thickened and scabrous; ligule 1–2 mm. Inflorescence digitate or subdigitate, axis short; racemes 3–10, 5–17 cm; spikelets paired, imbricate by about 2/3 their length; rachis winged, ca. 1 mm broad, midrib triquetrous, margins scabrous. Spikelets lanceolate, 2.5–3.5 mm, acute; lower glume very small, triangular; upper glume lanceolate, 2/3–4/5 as long as spikelet, 3-veined, pilose; lower lemma as long as spikelet, 7-veined, veins evenly spaced or a broader glabrous interspace flanking the midvein, lateral interveins appressed pubescent to ciliate or villous, sometimes with a halo-like fringe, sometimes setose; upper lemma yellowish green, gray or pale brown, elliptic, as long as lower lemma, apex acuminate. Fl. and fr. May–Oct. 2n = 36, 54, 72.
Loosely tufted or solitary growing annual, 200-550 mm high; decumbent to erect. Leaf blade 30-130 x 3-10 mm; ligule an unfringed membrane. Inflorescence digitate to subdigitate, of 3-7 racemes; rachis triquetrous, broadly winged, glabrous with scabrous margins; pedicels triangular, scabrous; spikelets abaxial, paired. Spikelets 2.3-3.4 x 1 mm, dorsiventrally compressed; lower glume a triangular scale 0.25-0.50 mm long; upper glume shorter than spikelet, 3-nerved, pubescent; internode absent. Florets 2; lower floret sterile, lemma lanceolate, usually as long as spikelet, pubescent, 7-nerved, nerves smooth; upper floret bisexual, lemma ± as long as spikelet, yellow to brown, margins flat and covering most of palea. Flowering time Jan.-Apr.
Loosely tufted or solitary growing annual 200-550 mm high; culms decumbent to erect. Leaf blade 30-160 x 3-10 mm; margins scabrid. Inflorescence digitate to subdigitate, of 2-9 racemes, 40-120 mm long; rachis triquetrous, broadly winged, glabrous, margins scabrous; pedicel triangular, scabrous; spikelets paired. Spikelet 2.3-3.4 x 1 mm; lower glume a triangular scale 0.25-0.50 mm long; upper glume shorter than spikelet, 3-nerved, adpressed hairy, hairs fine, acute; internode absent; lower lemma as long as spikelet, acute, hairy, 7-nerved, nerves usually smooth, bristle hairs sometimes present; upper lemma as long as to shorter than spikelet, yellow to pale brown; anthers 0.8-1.4 mm long.
Much like no. 4 [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], and intergrading with it; blades glabrous or only sparsely papillose-pilose on the upper surface near the throat; spikelets 2.7–3.6 mm; second glume (1–)1.5–2.5 mm, half to four-fifths the length of the spikelet; lateral veins of the sterile lemma smooth; 2n mostly = 54. A weed as no. 4, but more southern; trop. Amer., n. to Va., s. Ind., Mo., and s. Nebr. (D. adscendens)
A wild millet grass. It is an annual grass. It branches and roots at the lower nodes. It is 30-100 cm tall. The leaf blade is 5-20 cm long. The flowering stalk has 3 spike like stalks each 3-20 cm long. The spikelets are 2.5-3.5 mm long. It is a very variable plant.
Annual; up to 0.55 m high; tufted. Culms erect. Leaf blades 30-160 x 3-10 mm. Flowers: inflorescence digitate; racemes 3-7; digitate; 40-100 mm long; spikelets 2.3-3.4 x 1 mm; lower glume a triangular scale up to 0.3 mm long; lower lemma not scaberulous.
Annual, tufted, up to 0.55 m high. Leaf blades 30-160 mm long, 3-10 mm wide. Spikelets 2.3-3.4 mm long, 1 mm wide. Racemes 3-7, digitate, 40-100 mm long; lower glume a triangular scale up to 0.3 mm long; lower lemma not scaberulous.
Life form annual
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination anemogamy
Spread barochory
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 0.43 - 0.6
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 0.1
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c4

Environment

Often found as a weed of cropping areas, lawns, lowland pastures, open ground and disturbed areas, often forming thick mats of growth; at elevations from sea level up to 2,000 metres.
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It grows in the tropics and subtropics. In Argentina it grows from sea level to 2,000 m above sea level. Tasmanian Herbarium. In Sichuan and Yunnan.
Waste ground and cultivated fields all over Japan.
Light 6-8
Soil humidity 5-6
Soil texture 3-6
Soil acidity 3-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 8-11

Usage

Uses animal food environmental use fodder food forage gene source medicinal
Edible seeds
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by seedlings.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Digitaria ciliaris leaf picture by Enrique PM (cc-by-sa)
Digitaria ciliaris leaf picture by Michael Visser (cc-by-sa)
Digitaria ciliaris leaf picture by napoli jr armando (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Digitaria ciliaris flower picture by Ilaria Mosti (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Digitaria ciliaris world distribution map, present in Aruba, Angola, Åland Islands, Andorra, Austria, Benin, Bangladesh, Bahamas, Belize, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Botswana, Central African Republic, Chile, China, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cayman Islands, Czech Republic, Djibouti, Dominica, Algeria, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Spain, Ethiopia, Fiji, France, Georgia, Ghana, Guinea, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Haiti, Indonesia, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Mali, Myanmar, Mozambique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Malaysia, Norfolk Island, Nigeria, Nicaragua, Nepal, Nauru, New Zealand, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Palau, Puerto Rico, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Portugal, Paraguay, Réunion, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Senegal, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Suriname, eSwatini, Seychelles, Turks and Caicos Islands, Chad, Thailand, Tokelau, Tonga, Taiwan, Province of China, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, Uruguay, United States of America, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Viet Nam, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna, Samoa, Yemen, South Africa, and Zimbabwe

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:70030121-1
WFO ID wfo-0000863807
COL ID 363DQ
BDTFX ID 22443
INPN ID 94972
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Digitaria sanguinalis f. ciliaris Asprella digitata Digitaria adscendens Digitaria fimbriata Panicum fimbriatum Panicum marginellum Panicum villiferum Syntherisma ciliaris Syntherisma fimbriata Syntherisma marginata Digitaria abortiva Digitaria chrysoblephara Digitaria marginata Digitaria sericea Panicum brevifolium Panicum inaequale Panicum ornithopus Panicum pes-avis Paspalum inaequale Asprella digitaria Digitaria brevifolia Digitaria ciliata Digitaria inaequalis Digitaria pes-avis Digitaria sasakii Digitaria tarapacana Milium ciliare Milium ciliatum Panicum brachyphyllum Panicum henryi Paspalum ciliare Sanguinaria ciliaris Spartina pubera Syntherisma sasakii Syntherisma sericeum Digitaria chinensis Digitaria inaequale Panicum adscendens Panicum linkianum Digitaria adscendens subsp. chrysoblephara Digitaria adscendens subsp. marginata Digitaria adscendens subsp. nubica Digitaria adscendens var. criniformis Digitaria adscendens var. pes-avis Digitaria adscendens var. sericea Digitaria biformis var. chrysoblephara Digitaria ciliaris subsp. chrysoblephara Digitaria ciliaris subsp. marginata Digitaria ciliaris var. chrysoblephara Digitaria ciliaris var. fimbriata Digitaria ciliaris var. nubica Digitaria ciliaris var. pes-avis Digitaria ciliaris var. sericea Digitaria marginata var. ciliaris Digitaria marginata var. fimbriata Digitaria sanguinalis subsp. ciliaris Digitaria sanguinalis var. ciliaris Digitaria sanguinalis var. fimbriata Digitaria sanguinalis var. marginata Panicum sanguinale subsp. marginatum Panicum sanguinale var. ciliare Panicum sanguinale var. fimbriatum Panicum sanguinale var. longiglume Paspalum sanguinale var. ciliare Syntherisma sanguinalis subsp. ciliaris Syntherisma sanguinalis var. ciliaris Digitaria ciliaris subsp. chrysoblephara Digitaria sanguinalis subsp. ciliaris Digitaria adscendens var. adscendens Digitaria adscendens subsp. adscendens Syntherisma sanguinale var. ciliare Syntherisma sanguinale subsp. ciliare Digitaria marginata var. nubica Digitaria ciliaris subsp. nubica Digitaria ciliaris var. criniformis Digitaria ciliaris f. albovariegata Digitaria ciliaris var. ciliaris Panicum linkianum var. minus Leersia digitata Panicum ciliare Digitaria ciliaris