Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J.Sm.

Species

Pteridophytes > Polypodiales > Polypodiaceae > Drynarioideae > Drynaria

Characteristics

Rhizome 2-3 cm thick or more, short-creeping, internodes up to 10 cm long. Anatomy: vascular bundles many, equally sized, arranged in 1 or 2 rows, without dark bundle sheaths, sclerenchyma strands absent. Rhizome scales brown-blackish, spreading, pseudopeltate or peltate, monomorphic, 6-20 by 0.5-1 mm, index 10 to linear, towards the apex strongly dentate, apex long, narrow, acute (rarely acuminate), midrib mostly absent. Fronds dimorphic, rachises persistent. Base fronds contiguous or separate, sessile, shallowly lobed, (10-)15-50 by 10-30(-40) cm, index 1-1.4, margin entire. Foliage fronds stalked, stipe up to 15-30(-35) cm long, not or inconspicuously winged, lamina pinnatifid to 0.2-0.5 cm from costa, 40-100(-150) by 15-50 cm, index 2.5-4, apex aborted. Pinnae without a basal constriction, all equally long, 1-25(-30) by 2-4.5 cm, index 4-6, margin entire, apex acute, free veinlets infrequent, simple or absent, hydathodes absent. Sori in two regular (sometimes irregular) rows parallel and close to the veins, round, 1-2 mm, slightly sunken. Sporangia glabrous. Spores with spines.
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Rhizome c. 2 cm or more thick, having a persistently woolly appearance. Scales 2-25 mm long, 0.7-2.5 mm wide, soft, ginger-coloured to dark brown, tapering gradually from the base to the narrow acute apex; margins paler, bearing fine hair-like teeth. Nest fronds ±ovate, 5.5-40 cm long, 9-25.5 cm wide, shallowly to ±deeply lobed; lobes rounded. Foliage fronds commonly from 28 cm to over 1 m long; stipes (0-) 1-7.5 cm long, winged almost to the base. Lamina deeply pinnatifid, coriaceous, pale to mid-green in life; lobes strap-like, narrowed slightly towards the base, tapering to an acute or obtuse apex, 1.5-32 cm long, 1.1-4.9 cm wide. Sori round, 1-2 mm diam., in 2 ±regular rows between adjacent main lateral veins of foliage leaves, not or only slightly impressed into the laminal surface. Spores 37.5-55 µm long, 22.5-37.5 µm wide.
Rhizome shortly creeping, 2-3 cm in diam. or more; scales spreading, blackish brown, linear, 6-20 × 0.5-1 mm, pseudopeltate or peltate, toward apex strongly dentate, apex long, narrow, acute; fronds dimorphic; basal fronds sessile, 15-50 × 10-30 cm, shallowly lobed; foliage fronds stalked, stipe up to 30 cm, not or inconspicuously winged; lamina pinnatifid up to 2-5 mm from costa, 40-100 × ca. 40 cm, apex aborted; pinnae broadly lanceolate, 15-25 × 2-3.5 cm, apex acute or acuminate. Sori in 2 rows between costa and margin, regular or irregular in 2 rows between lateral veins, slightly sunken. Spores with acuminate spines.
A large fern which grows attached to other plants. It climbs on trees. It can be 1 m high. It forms large spreading clumps. The rootstock is thick and fleshy. There are two kinds of fronds. One forms the "nest" and these do not have a stem and the others which are more like leaves and have a stem. The second ones have stems which are 30 cm long. The frond is one m long by 40 cm wide. It has deep lobes. The first kind of fronds have lobes and teeth around the edge. These turn brown with age but do not fall off the fern. The young fronds of this fern are different shape from the mature fronds on established ferns.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support -
Foliage retention
Sexuality -
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 0.9 - 1.0
Root system rhizome
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color -
Blooming months -
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a tropical plant. It grows in lowland rainforest. It does best in warm humid conditions. It can tolerate cool temperatures. It can grow on rocks and trees in open forests in the tropics. In Hainan in China it grows from sea level to 1,000 m above sea level.
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Terrestrial among rocks or epiphytic on tree trunks, in open forest, rainforest margins and in dry rainforest.
An epiphyte, found growing on tree trunks, rocks and cliff faces in tropical forests and scrub.
Light 4-6
Soil humidity 3-5
Soil texture 7-8
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-11

Usage

UsesGrown as ornamental. Medicine for stomach ache (Philippines); ‘obat ka-pala sakit’, marrow from the rhizome mixed with santen is applied to the head against headache (Sumba: Kanangan).
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The rhizome is eaten. The fleshy rhizome is collected during the dry season, cleaned and pounded and mixed with rice flour to bake cakes.
Uses environmental use food medicinal ornamental
Edible leaves rhizomes roots
Therapeutic use Edema (leaf), Inflammation (leaf), Astringents (rhizome), Cough (rhizome), Edema (rhizome), Fever (rhizome), Fractures, bone (rhizome), Headache (rhizome), Inflammatory bowel diseases (rhizome), Pain (rhizome), General tonic for rejuvenation (rhizome), Typhoid fever (rhizome), Urination disorders (rhizome), Anti-inflammatory agents (root), Cough (root), General tonic for rejuvenation (root), Fractures, bone (stem), Astringent (unspecified), Bactericide (unspecified), Gonorrhea (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Swelling (unspecified), Ophthalmia (unspecified), Tonic (unspecified), Malaria (unspecified), Analgesics (unspecified), Anthelmintics (unspecified), Anti-bacterial agents (unspecified), Anti-inflammatory agents (unspecified), Appetite stimulants (unspecified), Arthralgia (unspecified), Chest pain (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Dyspepsia (unspecified), Edema (unspecified), Expectorants (unspecified), Headache (unspecified), Inflammation (unspecified), Jaundice (unspecified), Labor pain (unspecified), Migraine disorders (unspecified), Pectoralis muscles (unspecified), General tonic for rejuvenation (unspecified), Skin diseases (unspecified), Tuberculosis (unspecified), Tuberculosis, pulmonary (unspecified), Typhoid fever (unspecified), Ulcer (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Pieces of the thick rhizome can be planted in soil or attached to wood. They should be in light shade while getting established. In cool weather the roots should be allowed to dry out. Plants can loose all their fronds and then regrow in the wet season. Plants can also be grown from spores. These should be sown fresh. Plants can be grown from spores.
Mode divisions
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Drynaria quercifolia leaf picture by Trang Dang (cc-by-sa)
Drynaria quercifolia leaf picture by Trang Dang (cc-by-sa)
Drynaria quercifolia leaf picture by alba deledda (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Drynaria quercifolia world distribution map, present in Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Indonesia, India, Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Thailand, United States of America, and Viet Nam

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17091780-1
WFO ID wfo-0001115919
COL ID 8S6QF
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 834455
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Drynariopsis morbillosa Polypodium quercioides Polypodium sylvaticum Phymatodes morbillosa Phymatodes sylvatica Drynaria brancaefolia Drynaria morbillosa Drynaria quercifolia Polypodium conjugatum Polypodium brancaefolium Phymatodes quercifolia Polypodium morbillosum Phymatodes brancaefolia Polypodium quercifolium