Echinochloa pyramidalis Hitchc. & Chase

Antelope grass (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Poales > Poaceae > Echinochloa

Characteristics

Reed-like, tufted perennial, 1-4 m high; rhizomatous and stoloniferous; hygrophyte; culm robust. Leaf blade 80-600 x 5-20 mm; ligule a fringe of hairs, may be absent in upper leaves. Inflorescence (150-)200(-400) mm long, ovate to narrowly lanceolate, of many racemes scattered up central axis; racemes 25-35 mm long, not neatly 4-rowed, simple or compound. Spikelets 2.5-4.0 x 1.0-1.8 mm, narrowly ovate to broadly elliptic, dorsiventrally compressed, glabrous to hispid; glumes unequal; glumes and lower lemma minutely hispid at least near margins, nerves usually with long, rigid hispid hairs. Florets 2; lower floret male, lower lemma acute to acuminate or awn 2 mm long; upper florets bisexual, lemma 2-3 mm long, hard, entire, margins inrolled and clasping only edges of palea; anther 0.6-2.1 mm long. Flowering time Dec.-May.
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Reed-like, tufted perennial 1 000-4 000 mm high; hydrophyte; rhizomatous and stoloniferous; culm robust. Leaf blade 80-600 x 5-20 mm; ligule a fringe of hairs, may be absent in upper leaves. Inflorescence (150-)200(-400) mm long, ovate to narrowly lanceolate; racemes 25-35 mm long, not neatly 4-rowed, simple or compound. Spikelet 2.5-4.0 x 1.0-1.8 mm, narrowly ovate to broadly elliptic, glabrous to hispid; glumes and lower lemma minutely hispid at least near margins, nerves usually with long, rigid hispid hairs; lower floret male; lower lemma awnless, apex 3 mm long, acute to acuminate; upper lemma 2 to 3 mm long; anther 0.6-2.1 mm long.
Reed-like rhizomatous perennial; culms robust, 1–4 m. high, firm, erect.. Leaf-blades 8–60 cm. long or more, 2–25 mm. wide, stiff, glaucous; ligule a line of hairs; sheaths glabrous or hispid.. Inflorescence ovate to narrowly lanceolate with the racemes overlapping, or linear with the racemes ± distant, 8–40 cm. long, their rhachis glabrous or pilose; racemes simple or compound, 3–20 cm. long, straight, ascending, coarsely spiculate.. Spikelets narrowly ovate to broadly elliptic, plump, 2.5–3.5(–4) mm. long, glabrous to hispid; lower lemma acute to acuminate, rarely with a subulate awn-point up to 3 mm. long; upper lemma 2–3 mm. long.
Perennial, hydrophyte, rhizomatous, stoloniferous and tufted, up to 4 m high. Leaf blades 80-600 mm long, 5-20 mm wide; ligule a fringe of hairs, sometimes absent in upper leaves. Culms robust. Spikelets 2.5-4.0 mm long, 1.0-1.8 mm wide. Inflorescence (150-)200 (-400) mm long; racemes simple or compound, 25-35 mm long; lower floret male; lower lemma awnless, tip acute to acuminate, 3 mm long.
Inflorescence 8–40 cm. long, ovate to narrowly lanceolate with numerous overlapping racemes or linear with 4–10 ± distant appressed racemes; racemes 2–20 cm. long, simple or compound, straight, ascending, coarsely spiculate.
A tall swamp grass. It grows up to 5 m high. It is like a reed and keeps growing from year to year. It has rhizomes or underground stems. The stems are solid.
A robust rhizomatous perennial up to 3·5 m. high, somewhat variable in size of spikelets and density of panicle
Spikelets 2.5–3.5(4) mm. long, narrowly ovate to broadly elliptic, plump, glabrous to hispid.
Inferior lemma acute to acuminate, rarely with a subulate point up to 2 mm. long.
Culms robust, 1–4 m. high, firm, erect; ligule a line of hairs.
Reed-like rhizomatous perennial.
Superior lemma 2–3 mm. long.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention -
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 1.55 - 4.0
Root system rhizome
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color -
Blooming months -
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c4

Environment

A tropical plant. It is a major part of the floating plants along the Nile and Niger Rivers. It is common in swamps throughout tropical Africa. It can grow in temperate places. It grows from sea level to 2,400 m above sea level. It can grow in arid places. It grows in savannah.
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On river banks, marshes or in open water, sometimes forming extensive meadows on flood plains.
Light -
Soil humidity 10-12
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

It is used in kreb a grain mixture eaten in Chad. It is burned for salt.
Uses animal food environmental use fodder food gene source material medicinal
Edible seeds
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

It can be grown by cuttings or tillers.
Mode -
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 22 - 28
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Echinochloa pyramidalis unspecified picture

Distribution

Echinochloa pyramidalis world distribution map, present in Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Brazil, Botswana, Central African Republic, Congo, Cabo Verde, Costa Rica, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guatemala, Kenya, Madagascar, Mali, Mozambique, Mauritania, Namibia, Nigeria, Nicaragua, Nepal, Oman, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, eSwatini, Chad, Togo, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, Viet Nam, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Conservation status

Echinochloa pyramidalis threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:88106-2
WFO ID wfo-0000865411
COL ID 38H3S
BDTFX ID 23433
INPN ID 732275
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Panicum crus-galli f. aristatum Echinochloa guadeloupensis Echinochloa holubii Echinochloa pyramidalis Echinochloa verticillata Panicum atroviolaceum Panicum holubii Panicum pyramidale Panicum quadrifarium Panicum spadiciferum Echinochloa kimpokoensis Panicum hildebrandtii Echinochloa quadrifaria Echinochloa senegalensis Panicum crus-galli f. muticum Panicum setarioides Echinochloa frumentacea var. violacea Echinochloa quadrifaria var. atroviolacea Panicum crus-galli var. molle Panicum crus-galli var. polystachyum Panicum frumentaceum var. cuspidatum Panicum pyramidale var. hebetatum Panicum pyramidale var. quadrifarium Panicum pyramidale var. spadiceum Panicum spectabile var. guadeloupense Echinochloa pyramidalis f. decomposita Echinochloa pyramidalis var. violacea Echinochloa pyramidalis var. guadeloupensis