Encephalartos longifolius (Jacq.) Lehm.

Thunberg’s cycad (en)

Species

Gymnosperms > Cycadales > Zamiaceae > Encephalartos

Characteristics

Plants unbranched or branched from the base with stems up to about 3 m tall, occasionally up to even 4.5 m, 30-45 cm diam. Leaves 1-1.75 m long including petiole 15-35 cm long; rhachis spreading erect, recurved towards apex or arcuate, finely pubescent, glabrescent with age except for woolly pulvinus; leaflets dark green or dark green with bluish lustre, finely pubescent, glabrescent with age, rigid in texture, overlapping in the upper half of the leaf and disposed in V formation, reduced in size towards base, sometimes to one or two prickles; median leaflets mainly oblong-lanceolate up to 20 cm long and 4 cm broad, pungent or blunt, entire for the most part or with the lower margin (mainly of upper leaflets) with 1-3 short pungent or blunt teeth. Cones 1 or 2 on short stout peduncles, greenish-brown with reddish adpressed hairs. Male cones subcylindric, narrowed somewhat to the ends, 40-60 cm long and 14-20 cm broad; median scales up to about 4 cm broad; bulla projecting into a 2 cm long beak with lateral ridges, the upper and lower facets humped towards apex, the terminal facet 8-9 mm broad and 3-5 mm wide vertically. Female cones ovoid, or barrel-shaped, about 60 cm long and 40 cm diam.; median scales 7.5-8.5 cm long, 5.5-6 cm broad, 4-4.5 cm thick vertically with lateral ridges extending into incurved lateral lobes about 2.5 cm long; bulla projecting 2-2.5 cm, finely rugose round the base, coarsely rugose in the apical half, upper facet with central ridge or hump, lower facet more or less rounded, terminal facet about 1.5-2 cm broad and the same vertically. Seeds red, about 5 cm long, 2.5 cm diam., with fleshy beak.
More
A medium sized cycad. It has a trunk 4.5 m tall and 45 cm across. It grows in clumps of up to 10 stems. There are suckers near the base. They young leaves are light green and hairy. The mature leaves form an umbrella shaped crown. They are 1-2 m long by 30-40 cm wide and dark green. The leaf stalk is 30-35 cm long. The leaflets are oval and crowded and overlapping near the tip. The lower leaves are small. The cones are different. They are olive green with one on each stem. The male cones are 40-60 cm long by 15-20 cm wide. The fruit stalks are 3-5 cm long. The female cones are 50-60 cm long by 25-30 cm wide and without fruit stalks. The seeds are 4-5 cm long by 2-3 cm wide. They are oblong, angular and red.
Plant dioecious, palm-like. Stem aerial or decumbent, 0.5-3.5 m long, unbranched or branched from base, covered by alternating series of woody bracts and persistent, swollen, truncated leaf bases. Leaves petiolate, pinnate with rachis recurved; median leaflets entire, pungent-pointed; reduced in size towards base of rachis. Cone May-Dec., single, appears sessile, green. Male cone oblanceoloid. Female cone cylindric to ovoid, broader than male, facets markedly verrucose, central facet raised.
Dioecious tree to 3 m, often branched below. Leaves pinnate, dark green, leaflets finely pubescent, oblong-lanceolate, pungent, usually entire. Female cones olive-green, to 60 cm.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality dioecy
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 2.5 - 3.5
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer nostocaceae
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

It grows on acid soils. The climate is hot in summer and cool to cold in winter. It suits temperate and cool subtropical places. It can tolerate light frosts only. It needs full sun.
Light 4-6
Soil humidity 3-5
Soil texture 4-5
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-9

Usage

The starch from the pith of the stem is used to make a flour for bread after processing. The preparation included burying it for 2 months prior to baking. During this time it fermented. The pulp around the seeds is reported as being edible. CAUTION: The kernels are very poisonous.
Uses medicinal poison
Edible stems
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from seed or suckers. The suckers transplant easily.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -7
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Encephalartos longifolius unspecified picture
Encephalartos longifolius unspecified picture

Distribution

Encephalartos longifolius world distribution map, present in South Africa

Conservation status

Encephalartos longifolius threat status: Near Threatened

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:297110-1
WFO ID wfo-0000667414
COL ID 39NDG
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Zamia lanuginosa Encephalartos longifolius Encephalartos lanuginosus Encephalartos longifolius var. angustifolius Encephalartos longifolius var. latifolius Encephalartos longifolius var. revolutus Zamia longifolia