Enicostema axillare (Lam.) A.Raynal

Species

Angiosperms > Gentianales > Gentianaceae > Enicostema

Characteristics

Erect perennial herb, 5-30 cm tall, simple or branched at the base. Stem cylindric, glabrous with a decurrent ridge below each leaf. Leaves sessile (sometimes narrowed into a petiole-like base), longer than the internodes; lamina (1)5-8 x 0.3-1 cm, linear to lanceolate or narrowly oblong, entire, obtuse and mucronate at the apex, somewhat narrowing towards the base, 3-nerved from the base, glabrous. Inflorescence in many flowered axillary clusters, numerous in the axils of each pair of leaves. Flowers white with green lines, drying yellowish, sessile or subsessile; bracts long, shorter than the calyx, lanceolate-acuminate, carinate. Calyx tube 1-2 mm long; lobes usually unequal, 0.7-1.5(2) x 0.4-0.7 mm, triangular to lanceolate, acute at the apex and narrowly scarious at the margin, or obovate to subcircular, obtuse and mucronate at the apex, with wide scarious margin. Corolla tube 3.5-6 mm long; lobes 1.5-2 x 0.7-1 mm, ovate and abruptly narrowing to an acute or mucronate apex. Stamens inserted below the sinuses, just above the middle of the tube; filaments 1.5-2.3 mm long, with a double hood at the insertion point; anthers 1 mm long, erect, shortly apiculate. Ovary 5-6 x 1 mm, ovoid; style 2-2.5 mm long, subulate; stigma subcapitate. Capsule 3-4.5 x 2-2.5 mm, obovoid. Seeds 0.4-0.5 mm in diam., subglobose, reticulate faveolate.
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Perennial herb 3–90 cm high.. Stem branched from the base or occasionally simple, with many nodes.. Leaves linear to lanceolate or narrowly oblong, lower leaves sometimes obovate, 2.5–10 cm long, 0.2–1.5(–2.5) cm wide, margins minutely denticulate, obtuse, cuneate at base, 3 distinct nerves beneath, glabrous.. Inflorescences many-flowered axillary cymes, very congested, proliferating, up to 10(–16) flowers clustered at axils.. Flowers 5-merous, whitish, sessile.. Calyx with tube, 1–2.5 mm long; lobes asymmetrical, lanceolate to obovate, 0.6–2 mm long, 0.5–0.8 mm wide, obtuse to acute to acuminate, margin often hyaline, sometimes minutely denticulate.. Corolla tube 3–7.5 mm long; lobes ovate, 1–2.2 mm long, 0.4–0.8 mm wide, acute.. Filaments inserted on the corolla tube, ± 2.5 mm long, with two hood-like appendages at insertion point; anthers up to 1.2 mm long, apiculate.. Ovary obovoid, 2–4.8 mm long, 1–1.5 mm diameter; style 1.2–1.8 mm long, subulate; stigma ± capitate, ± 0.5 mm diameter.. Capsule obovoid, 3.5–7 mm long, 2–3 mm diameter.. Seeds ± 0.3–0.5 mm, surface reticulate-pitted.. Fig. 6 (p. 25).
Leaves sessile (sometimes narrowed into a petiole-like base), longer than the internodes; lamina (1)5–8 x 0.3–1 cm., linear to lanceolate or narrowly oblong, entire, obtuse and mucronate at the apex, somewhat narrowing towards the base, 3-nerved from the base, glabrous.
A herb. It keeps growing from year to year. It grows 50-100 cm tall. The leaves are narrow and oblong to sword shaped. The flowers do not have stalks and they are white. They are in clusters in the axils of leaves. The fruit is a small oval capsule.
Calyx tube 1–2 mm. long; lobes usually unequal, 0.7–1.5(2) x 0.4–0.7 mm., triangular to lanceolate, acute at the apex and narrowly scarious at the margin, or obovate to subcircular, obtuse and mucronate at the apex, with wide scarious margin.
Stamens inserted below the sinuses, just above the middle of the tube; filaments 1.5–2.3 mm. long, with a double hood at the insertion point; anthers 1 mm. long, erect, shortly apiculate.
Flowers white with green lines, drying yellowish, sessile or subsessile; bracts long, shorter than the calyx, lanceolate-acuminate, carinate.
Corolla tube 3.5–6 mm. long; lobes 1.5–2 x 0.7–1 mm., ovate and abruptly narrowing to an acute or mucronate apex.
Inflorescence in many flowered axillary clusters, numerous in the axils of each pair of leaves.
Ovary 5–6 x 1 mm., ovoid; style 2–2.5 mm. long, subulate; stigma subcapitate.
Erect perennial herb, 5–30 cm. tall, simple or branched at the base.
Stem cylindric, glabrous with a decurrent ridge below each leaf.
Seeds 0.4–0.5 mm. in diam., subglobose, reticulate faveolate.
Capsule 3–4.5 x 2–2.5 mm., obovoid.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 0.05 - 0.4
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

Grasslands, in turf hollows, sandy slopes, side roads and along rivers. Found at elevations from sea level to 450 metres in India.
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It is a tropical plant. In India it grows from sea level to 450 m above sea level.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture 5-6
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) -

Usage

The leaves are cooked in curries with pulses. It is bitter.
Uses medicinal
Edible leaves
Therapeutic use Abdominal pain (aerial part), Hypercholesterolemia (aerial part), Intestinal diseases, parasitic (aerial part), Liver diseases (aerial part), Whitlows (leaf), Anti-bacterial agents (leaf), Antifungal agents (leaf), Disorder of ejaculation (leaf), Fever (leaf), Leukorrhea (leaf), Malaria (leaf), Snake bites (leaf), Fever (root), Hypercholesterolemia (root), Liver diseases (root), Malaria (root), Toothache (root), Abdominal pain (seed), Anthelmintics (seed), Aphrodisiacs (seed), Common cold (seed), Diabetes mellitus (seed), Fever (seed), Headache (seed), Hemorrhoids (seed), Malaria (seed), Scorpion stings (seed), Sexually transmitted diseases (seed), Skin diseases (seed), Snake bites (seed), Stomatitis, aphthous (seed), Malaria (shoot), Whitlows (stem), Anthelmintics (stem), Abdominal pain (unspecified), Analgesics (unspecified), Anthelmintics (unspecified), Anti-bacterial agents (unspecified), Antidepressive agents (unspecified), Anti-inflammatory agents (unspecified), Antineoplastic agents (unspecified), Anti-obesity agents (unspecified), Antioxidants (unspecified), Antiparasitic agents (unspecified), Antipruritics (unspecified), Antirheumatic agents (unspecified), Appetite stimulants (unspecified), Arthritis (unspecified), Astringents (unspecified), Cataract (unspecified), Colic (unspecified), Constipation (unspecified), Diabetes mellitus (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Diuretics (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Dyspepsia (unspecified), Edema (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Flatulence (unspecified), Furunculosis (unspecified), Glycosuria (unspecified), Helminthiasis (unspecified), Hematologic diseases (unspecified), Hemorrhage (unspecified), Hemorrhoids (unspecified), Hernia (unspecified), Hypercholesterolemia (unspecified), Inflammation (unspecified), Insect bites and stings (unspecified), Intestinal diseases, parasitic (unspecified), Counterirritant (unspecified), Jaundice (unspecified), Laxatives (unspecified), Leprosy (unspecified), Leukorrhea (unspecified), Liver diseases (unspecified), Malaria (unspecified), Mental disorders (unspecified), Pruritus (unspecified), Psychophysiologic disorders (unspecified), General tonic for rejuvenation (unspecified), Sciatica (unspecified), Sexually transmitted diseases (unspecified), Skin diseases (unspecified), Snake bites (unspecified), Stomach ulcer (unspecified), Urinary tract infections (unspecified), Vomiting (unspecified), Antiperiodic (unspecified), Cooling effect on body (unspecified), Anthelmintics (whole plant), Anti-bacterial agents (whole plant), Anti-obesity agents (whole plant), Appetite stimulants (whole plant), Blood glucose regulation (whole plant), Blood pressure regulation (whole plant), Constipation (whole plant), Diabetes mellitus (whole plant), Edema (whole plant), Fever (whole plant), Heart rate (whole plant), Hematologic diseases (whole plant), Laxatives (whole plant), Liver diseases (whole plant), Metabolism (whole plant), Skin diseases (whole plant)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are grown from seeds.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Enicostema axillare unspecified picture

Distribution

Enicostema axillare world distribution map, present in South Africa

Conservation status

Enicostema axillare threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:367187-1
WFO ID wfo-0000668038
COL ID 39V4H
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN)
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Enicostema axillare Enicostema hyssopifolium Gentiana axillaris Gentiana verticillaris Enicostema verticillare Exacum hyssopifolium Hippion orientale Hippion hyssopifolium Slevogtia orientalis Lepinema verticillata Xolemia axillaris Hippion verticillatum var. hyssopifolium Hippion verticillatum var. maritimum

Lower taxons

Enicostema axillare subsp. latilobum Enicostema axillare subsp. littorale