Erysimum cheiranthoides L.

Treacle-mustard (en), Vélar giroflée (fr), Vélar fausse-giroflée (fr), Vélar fausse giroflée (fr), Fausse giroflée (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Brassicales > Brassicaceae > Erysimum

Characteristics

Annuals. Trichomes of leaves primarily 3-or 4-rayed, some-times mixed with 5-rayed ones, 2-rayed trichomes primarily on stem and pedicels. Stems erect, often branched distally, (ribbed), (0.7-)1.5-10(-15) dm. Basal leaves (withered by fruiting), similar to cauline. Cauline leaves: (median and distal) shortly petiolate or sessile; blade (lanceolate, linear, or elliptic-oblong, (1-)2-7(-11) cm × (2-)5-12 (-23) mm, base cuneate) margins usually subentire or denticulate, rarely sinuate-dentate, (apex acute or obtuse). Racemes considerably elongated in fruit. Fruiting pedicels divaricate or ascending, slender, much narrower than fruit, 5-13(-16) mm. Flowers: sepals oblong, 1.8-3.2 mm, lateral pair not saccate basally; petals yellow, narrowly spatulate, 3-5.5 × 1.5-2 mm, claw 1.5-3.5 mm, apex rounded; median filaments 2-3.5 mm; anthers oblong, 0.5-0.7 mm. Fruits suberect or divaricate-ascending, linear, straight, somewhat torulose, (1-)1.5-2.5(-4) cm × 1-1.3 mm, 4-angled, not striped; valves with prominent midvein, pubescent outside, trichomes 3-5-rayed, densely pubescent inside; ovules (20-)30-55 per ovary; style cylindrical, slender, 0.5-1.5 mm; stigma entire or slightly 2-lobed, lobes as long as wide. Seeds oblong, 1-1.5 × 0.4-0.6 mm; not winged. 2n = 16.
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Herbs annual, (7-)15-100(-150) cm tall. Trichomes primarily 3-or 4-fid, sometimes mixed with 5-fid ones, malpighiaceous trichomes primarily on stem and pedicels. Stems erect, often branched above, ribbed. Basal leaves rosulate, withered by fruiting. Middle and upper cauline leaves shortly petiolate or sessile; leaf blade lanceolate, linear, or elliptic-oblong, (1-)2-7(-11) cm × (2-)5-10(-20) mm, base cuneate, margin subentire or denticulate, rarely sinuate-dentate, apex acute or obtuse. Racemes corymbose, densely flowered, ebracteate, elongated considerably in fruit. Fruiting pedicels divaricate or ascending, 5-13(-16) mm, slender, much narrower than fruit. Sepals oblong, 1.8-3 × 0.5-1 mm, not saccate. Petals yellow, narrowly spatulate, 3-5 × 1.5-2 mm, apex rounded; claw distinct, subequaling sepals. Filaments yellow, 2-3.5 mm; anthers oblong, 0.5-0.7 mm. Ovules (20-)30-55 per ovary. Fruit linear, 4-angled, (1-)1.5-2.5(-4) cm × 1-1.3 mm, somewhat torulose, suberect or divaricate-ascending, straight; valves with a distinct midvein, outside with 3-5-forked trichomes, inside densely pubescent; style slender, 0.5-1.5 mm, cylindric; stigma slightly 2-lobed. Seeds oblong, 1-1.5 × 0.4-0.6 mm. Fl. May-Aug, fr. Jun-Sep. 2n = 16.
Annual, sometimes overwintering, herb. Hairs appressed, medifixed, sometimes stellate. Stems erect, up to 1 m tall. Rosette lvs simple, oblong-lanceolate, acute, shortly stalked, distantly toothed, hairy, 2-10 × 0.5-3 cm. Stem lvs narrower, smaller, becoming sessile. Racemes 10-30 cm long. Sepals hairy, 2-3 × c. 0.5 mm. Petals yellow, 4-6 × 2-3 mm. Silique 4-angled, slightly curved, 10-25 × c. 1.2 mm, erect on erecto-patent pedicel 5-10 mm long. Seeds brown, shortly winged at apex, 1-1.2 mm long.
Erect, often simple annual 2–10 dm; lvs linear to oblanceolate, entire or barely sinuate; sep 2–3.5 mm; pet bright yellow, 3.5–5.5 mm; mature racemes elongate, with straight rachis and slender, widely divergent pedicels (6–)8–12(–14) mm; frs ascending to erect, (1.2–)1.5–2.5(–3) cm; 2n=16. Usually in wet soil, but also a weed in fields and roadsides; originally European, but now circumboreal, s. in Amer. to N.C., Ark., Colo., and Oreg. June– Aug. (Cheirinia c.)
An annual herb. It has soft hairs. It grows 10-50 cm high. The leaves have short stalks. They are narrowly sword shaped and 2-5 cm long by 2-5 mm wide. They can be wavy and have teeth along the edge. The flowers are yellow and in groups at the top of the plant. The pods are narrow and 3-4 cm long. They are hairy.
Life form annual
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread barochory
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 0.3 - 1.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) 0.1
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a temperate plant. A weed that grows in waste places. In north and west China it grows between 800-3,000 m above sea level. In Argentina it grows below 500 m above sea level.
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Found in many habitats from southern British Columbia to California at elevations of 750-3600 metres.
Light 7-9
Soil humidity 2-6
Soil texture 2-6
Soil acidity 4-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 5-7

Usage

The young shoots are eaten.
Uses medicinal oil poison
Edible leaves shoots
Therapeutic use Dermatological Aid (root), Cancer (unspecified), Poison (unspecified)
Human toxicity toxic (whole)
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by seedlings.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -29
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Erysimum cheiranthoides habit picture by Rybicki Kacper (cc-by-sa)
Erysimum cheiranthoides habit picture by Filip Arndt (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Erysimum cheiranthoides leaf picture by Natacha Ouellet (cc-by-sa)
Erysimum cheiranthoides leaf picture by Jean Yves Faure (cc-by-sa)
Erysimum cheiranthoides leaf picture by Aine Dillon (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Erysimum cheiranthoides flower picture by alexandra Dumais (cc-by-sa)
Erysimum cheiranthoides flower picture by Max Black (cc-by-sa)
Erysimum cheiranthoides flower picture by Stanislaw Sroka (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Erysimum cheiranthoides world distribution map, present in Canada, China, France, New Zealand, and United States of America

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:307231-2
WFO ID wfo-0000678580
COL ID 3BBH6
BDTFX ID 25428
INPN ID 134294
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Cheiranthus erysimoides Cheiranthus turritoides Crucifera erysimum Sisymbrium cheiranthoides Cheiranthus aquaticus Cheiranthus cheiranthoides Cheiranthus scapigerus Cheirinia cheiranthoides Conringia turritoides Erysimum altum Erysimum lanceolatum Erysimum parviflorum Erysimastrum cheiranthus Erysimum cheiranthoides f. angustifolium Erysimum cheiranthoides f. brachycarpum Erysimum cheiranthoides f. dentatum Erysimum cheiranthoides f. dolichocarpum Erysimum cheiranthoides f. paniculatum Erysimum cheiranthifolium Erysimum japonicum Cheiranthus cheiranthoides var. prostratus Cheirinia cheiranthoides var. prostrata Erysimum cheiranthoides subsp. altum Erysimum cheiranthoides var. japonicum Erysimum cheiranthoides subsp. cheiranthoides Erysimum cheiranthoides