Euclea divinorum Hiern

Species

Angiosperms > Ericales > Ebenaceae > Euclea

Characteristics

Shrubs 2-6 m high, much branched, densely leafy, evergreen, foliage pale to yellow-green, occasionally glaucous, stems with smooth, usually grey bark; branchlets densely leafy, glabrous, bark pale brown, turning grey. Leaves subopposite, very occasionally alternate, discolorous, lower surface paler than the light green upper surface, coriaceous, often with fine wrinkles and resembling old leather, petioled, quite glabrous, elliptic, occasionally lanceolate (in coppice shoots very broadly elliptic and twice the normal size), 3.5-8 cm long 1-2.5 cm wide; gradually tapering to a narrowly cuneate base, tapering to a rounded apex; nerves raised as fine lines on upper surface or not raised, not raised on lower surface or immersed; margin usually strongly undulate, entire, quite flat; petiole up to 5 mm long, wrinkled; stipules absent. Inflorescence axillary, 0.7-1.5 cm long, rather dense and contracted, often almost globose, single or 51-76 mm each axil; peduncle and pedicels densely speckled with small rust-brown granules; bracts oblong-boat-shaped, speckled, caducous; female inflorescence usually not exceeding 1 cm, somewhat shorter than the male. Flowers dioecious, white to cream, usually tetramerous, rarely pentamerous, cup-shaped to campanulate, somewhat pendulous. Male flowers somewhat larger than female flowers. Calyx saucer-shaped to shallowly cup-shaped, about 1 mm deep and 3 mm in diam., usually with 4 lobes divided halfway down, finely speckled with small rust-brown granules, otherwise glabrous. Corolla deeply cup-shaped (rarely campanulate) 3-4 mm deep and 4 mm wide, hairy down the middle of the lobes; tube short; lobes divided halfway or more than halfway down the tube. Stamens 10-17 (usually 11-14), in pentamerous flowers more numerous than in tetramerous flowers, in two rows and single or 2-3 together; filaments glabrous, 3-7 mm long; anthers lanceolate with a rounded base, bristly, dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Ovary reduced to a small raised hump covered with bristles. Female flowers smaller than male and usually campanulate. Calyx cup-shaped 1 mm deep and 1.5 mm wide; lobes 4-5, divided less than halfway down, speckled with rust-coloured granules. Corolla campanulate 2.5-3 mm deep and 3.5-4 mm wide, hairy along the middle of the lobes; tube short, lobes divided more than halfway down and somewhat spreading. Staminodes absent. Ovary subglobose, densely covered with short bristles, 4-(5-)celled; ovules single, pendulous from inner wall of the cells; styles short, divided into 2 stout branches, each bilobed; stigma obliquely crescent-shaped. Fruit a somewhat fleshy, globose berry, fleshy part very thin, purple, soon drying out, 5-7 mm in diam., usually one-seeded. Seeds globose, 4-5 mm in diam., divided into three parts by a groove and two thin curved lines, very finely rugose, brown, endosperm flinty, grey to white.
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Evergreen shrub or small tree 1.8-9(-15) m. tall; bark grey-brown, red-brown, pale mauve-grey or cinnamon or much darker and almost black, mostly rough with shallow irregular longitudinal fissures, flaking longitudinally; slash pink to crimson or pale yellow to orange; sapwood ochraceous or cream, turning apricot on exposure to air; young shoots with rusty peltate scales but otherwise glabrous.. Leaves drying grey-green to chestnut, opposite or subopposite, mostly diamond-shaped (‘ subrhombic’ ) or narrowly rhombic-lanceolate, widest near the middle, 1.6-12 cm. long, 0.6-4.5 cm. wide, narrowed to a ± rounded or emarginate apex, attenuate to narrowly or fairly broadly rounded at the base, the margin often crinkly, glabrous save for rusty peltate scales beneath; venation sometimes slightly raised above but ± inconspicuous; petiole 4-6 mm. long.. Inflorescences paired in at least some axils, unbranched, dense and contracted, up to 1.5 cm. long.. Male flowers ± 3.5 mm. long; calyx yellow, patelliform with short broadly triangular teeth, glabrous save for rusty scales; corolla creamy white, pale yellowish or salmon buff, the lobes sometimes with a pale brown spot, deeply lobed, widely open at the throat, each lobe with more than 25 striga-like hairs along the midpetaline line; stamens ± 16, strigulose; rudimentary ovary with 2 simple or bilobed styles.. Female flowers without staminodes; ovary yellow, densely strigulose.. Fruit brown to black, globose, 5-7 mm. diameter, with short white hairs.. Fig. 8/1-5.
A shrub or small tree up to 8 m in height. Bark: grey-brown, smooth, sometimes roughened with lenticels, becoming dark and cracking into square segments with age; young shoots with rusty brown granules (glands). Leaves: opposite to sub-opposite, rarely spirally arranged on long shoots, elliptic, 3.5-8 x 1-2.5 cm, 3-4 times as long as wide, leathery, stiff, hairless, dark green to greyish green above, frequently finely wrinkled, much paler green below, veins translucent when held against a strong light; apex tapering to rounded; base tapering; margin entire, characteristically very wavy; petiole 4-6 mm long. Flowers: very small, white to creamy yellow, in short dense branched heads, frequently almost round, up to 15 cm in diameter, 2-3 heads per leaf axil; flower stalks dotted with rusty brown scales and 2 oblong curved, deciduous bracts at the base; ovary densely hairy (Jul.-Jan.). Fruit: round, thinly fleshy, about 5-7 mm in diameter, red to purplish black (Oct.-Dec., but sometimes as late as May).
A shrub or small tree. It grows up to 6 m tall. It can be 18 m tall. It often branches from the base. The bark is grey. It is smooth when young and cracked when old. The crown of the tree has many branches and is leafy. The leaves are leathery and with a wavy surface. They are simple leaves and usually almost opposite each other. The upper surface is grey green and the lower surface is paler. Leaves are 3.5-9 cm long and 1-2.5 cm wide. They are oval or sword shaped and taper towards each end. The tip is round. The edges of the leaves is usually very wavy. The flowers are small, cream and cup shaped. They are produced in short dense heads in the axils of leaves. Male and female flowers occur on separate plants. The flowers and stalks are covered with tiny rusty-brown dots. The fruit is small round berries on stalks. They have a thin flesh and usually one seed. They are edible.
Leaves usually opposite or subopposite; petiole 0·4–0·6 cm. long; lamina up to 9 x 4 cm., variable in width, otherwise uniform, subrhombic or subtrullate, broadest at or below the middle, apex acute, the tip itself rounded, base attenuate and slightly concave, margin often strongly undulate; lower surface glabrous except for rusty, peltate scales; lateral nerves and main veins sometimes slightly raised above, otherwise inconspicuous.
Shrub, 2-6 m high. Young leaves and twigs glabrous. Leaves narrowly elliptic, elliptic or occasionally lanceolate, margin strongly undulate. Inflorescences dense and contracted, solitary or 2 or 76 mm each axil. Corolla cleft halfway down. Flowers white to cream.
Corolla deeply lobed, widely open at the throat, each lobe with more than 25 strigulose hairs along the mid–petaline line.
Inflorescence paired in at least some leaf–axils, unbranched, dense and contracted, up to 1·5 cm. long.
Calyx patelliform with short, broadly deltate teeth, glabrous except for rusty, peltate scales.
Evergreen shrub or small tree up to 9 m. tall (elsewhere up to 15 m.).
Bark grey–brown to black, usually rough and longitudinally fissured.
Young shoots glabrous except for rusty, peltate scales.
Pistillode with 2 simple or bilobed stylodes.
Female flowers without staminodes.
Male flowers c. 0·35 cm. long.
Fruit c. 0·7 cm. diameter.
Stamens c. 16, strigulose.
Ovary densely strigulose.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality dioecy
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 6.0 - 8.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It grows in open woodland. It grows in dry, hot areas below 900 m altitude in South Africa. It grows up to 2,400 m altitude in East Africa. It can grow in arid places. It grows in areas with mean annual temperatures of 17°C and rainfall of 700 mm.
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Grassland with scattered trees and open bushland, often on termite mounds, but also in secondary forest, margins of evergreen forest and on stony slopes, from sea-level up to elevations of 2,700 metres.
Light 7-9
Soil humidity 1-4
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-12

Usage

The fruit are occasionally eaten. They have a small amount of sweet edible pulp. They can be used for drinks. They are also used to make beer. CAUTION: The fruit can cause stomach upsets. The leaves are considered an appetiser. They are also burnt to produce plant ash as an edible salt.
Uses animal food dye environmental use fiber food food additive fuel material medicinal social use wood
Edible barks fruits leaves roots
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from seeds or suckers. Seeds need to be planted fresh. They grow easily. They only stay viable for 2 months.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Euclea divinorum habit picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)
Euclea divinorum habit picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Euclea divinorum leaf picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)
Euclea divinorum leaf picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)
Euclea divinorum leaf picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Euclea divinorum flower picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)
Euclea divinorum flower picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)
Euclea divinorum flower picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Euclea divinorum fruit picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Euclea divinorum world distribution map, present in Angola, Burkina Faso, Botswana, Cabo Verde, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Sudan, Somalia, eSwatini, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Conservation status

Euclea divinorum threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:323301-1
WFO ID wfo-0000681081
COL ID 3BTT7
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Euclea balfourii Euclea laurina Euclea kiwuensis Euclea huillensis Euclea katangensis Euclea keniensis Euclea stuhlmannii Euclea divinorum