Euphorbia heterophylla L.

Mexican fireplant (en), Euphorbe (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Malpighiales > Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia

Characteristics

Herbs, annual, with taproot. Stems erect-ascending, 20–100 cm, sparsely pilose to villous; branches ± straight. Leaves usually alternate, occasionally opposite proximally; petiole 10–50 mm, pilose; blade narrowly lanceolate to elliptic or broadly obovate (then usually pandurate and 4-lobed), often polymorphic on single plants, 30–200 × 20–140 mm, base acute, margins sparsely glandular-serrulate, hirtellous, flat, apex acute to obtuse, abaxial surface sparsely appressed-pilose, adaxial surface sparsely pilosulous to glabrate; venation pinnate, midvein prominent. Cyathial arrangement: terminal dichasial branches usually 2, occasionally reduced to congested cyme, 1–2-branched (often congested and difficult to discern); pleiochasial bracts 2–4, often whorled, wholly green or paler green at base, similar in shape and size to distal leaves; dichasial bracts highly reduced, rarely absent in highly congested clusters. Cyathia: peduncle 0.9–1.5 mm. Involucre usually campanulate, occasionally nearly hemispheric, 1.5–1.9 × 1.2–1.8 mm, glabrous; involucral lobes divided into several linear, smooth lobes; gland 1, yellow-green, stipitate, clavate, 1–1.4 × 1–1.2 mm, opening circular (occasionally flattened from pressing), with annular rim, glabrous; appendages absent. Staminate flowers 8–15. Pistillate flowers: ovary glabrous or puberulent; styles 0.8–1.3 mm, 2-fid 1/2 to nearly entire length. Capsules broadly ovoid, 2.8–3.8 × 4–5.3 mm, 3-lobed, usually glabrous, rarely sparsely puberulent; columella 2.1–2.8 mm. Seeds brown-gray to ashy gray, broadly deltoid, 2.4–2.8 × 1.9–2.4 mm, angular in cross section, dorsal face strongly acute-carinate, tuberculate, with broad rounded tubercles in 2 rows; caruncle 0.1 mm. 2n = 28.
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Erect annual herb to 1 m. high, with branches glabrous to sparsely pilose towards the apices, often tinged red.. Leaves ovate, to 12 × 6 cm., base cuneate, apex obtuse, margin with minute distant gland-tipped teeth, occasionally more coarsely toothed, upper surface glabrous to sparsely pilose around the edges, lower surface pilose with septate hairs especially on the midrib and nerves, glabrescent; petiole to 2(–4) cm. long; glandular stipules fairly large, purplish.. Cyathia densely clustered in axillary and terminal cymes forking ± 5 times, with progressively shorter rays from ± 15 cm. to ± 2 mm. long; basal bracts similar to the leaves but paler green, progressively smaller, more lanceolate and subsessile above.. Cyathia glabrous, ± 3.5 × 2.5 mm., with goblet-shaped involucres; gland peltate, funnel-shaped, 1 mm. long, the opening circular, 1.2 mm. across, red-rimmed; lobes subcircular, ± 1.3 mm. long, deeply and sharply toothed with margins minutely ciliate.. Male flowers: bracteoles few, ligulate, feathery; stamens 4 mm. long.. Female flower: ovary pedicellate, glabrous or occasionally with minute scattered hairs, the perianth forming an obvious rim; styles ± 1 mm. long, occasionally minutely puberulous, bifid to halfway.. Capsule exserted on a reflexed pedicel to 6 mm. long, deeply 3-lobed, ± 4.5 × 5.5 mm.. Seeds conical with acute apex, 2.6 × 2.4 mm., blackish brown, surface bluntly tuberculate.
Herbs, annual, erect to 1 m tall, often tinged red. Stem glabrous to sparsely pilose at apex, hollow. Leaves alternate; stipules purplish glands, fairly conspicuous; petiole to 2(-4) cm; leaf blade ovate, to 12 × 6 cm, abaxially pilose especially on midrib and veins, glabrescent, adaxially glabrous to sparsely pilose near margin, base cuneate, margin with minute distant gland-tipped teeth, apex obtuse. Cymes terminal and axillary, each forking ca. 5 times, cyathia densely clustered; basal bracts similar to leaves but paler green, progressively smaller. Cyathia ca. 3.5 × 2.5 mm; involucre barrel-shaped, glabrous; gland ca. 1 mm, funnel-shaped, opening circular, ca. 1.2 mm across, often red-rimmed; lobes ca. 1.3 mm, subcircular, deeply toothed with minutely ciliate margins. Male flowers: bracteoles few, ligulate, feathery; stamens ca. 4 mm. Female flower: ovary pedicellate, glabrous or occasionally minutely puberulent, perianth forming an obvious rim; styles ca. 1 mm, occasionally minutely puberulent, bifid to halfway. Fruiting pedicel reflexed to 6 mm; capsule exserted, ca. 4.5 × 5.5 mm, deeply 3-lobed. Seeds conical, ca. 2.6 × 2.4 mm, apex acute, bluntly warty, blackish brown.
Leaves with a petiole to 2(4) cm long; stipules modified as fairly conspicuous purplish glands; lamina to 12 × 6 cm, ovate, obtuse at the apex, cuneate at the base, with minute distant gland-tipped teeth at the margin, occasionally more coarsely toothed, glabrous to sparsely pilose around the edges on the upper surface, pilose with septate hairs especially on the midrib and nerves on the lower surface, glabrescent.
A woody herb. It grows up to 2 m high. The young shoots are hairy with long purple hairs. The stems are green. The leaf stalks have a reddish tinge. The leaf is dark green on the upper surface and dull green underneath. The flowers are cream of light green. They occur closely together at the ends of branches. The fruit are green. The seeds are grey. They are almost round and are rough.
In most specimens from our area the upper leaves and bracts are either entirely green, or with whitish blotches at the base, or tinged purplish on the petiole, nerves and margins; Deighton 4505 and Meikle 877 are specimens of the form with red or orange blotches which is sometimes cultivated.
Annual herb, up to 1 m high. Stems erect. Leaves clustered at ends of stems; blade linear to ovate or obovate, margin toothed; upper leaves and bracts green or often purple-spotted, never red. Flowers: bracts usually ovate, uniformly green; green; Nov.-Apr.
Cyathia c. 3.5 × 2.5 mm with barrel-shaped involucres, glabrous; gland peltate, 1 mm long, funnel-shaped, the opening circular, 1.2 mm across, often red-rimmed; lobes c. 1.3 mm long, subcircular, deeply and sharply toothed with margins minutely ciliate.
Annual herb, up to 1 m high. Leaves linear to ovate or obovate, margin toothed, upper leaves and bracts green or often purple-spotted, never red. Floral bracts usually ovate, uniformly green. Flowers green.
Female flower: ovary pedicellate, glabrous or occasionally with minute scattered hairs, the perianth forming an obvious rim; styles c. 1 mm long, occasionally minutely puberulous, bifid to halfway.
Cymes terminal and axillary, each forking c. 5 times, with rays progressively shorter from c. 15 cm to c. 2 mm long and cyathia densely clustered.
Annual herb erect to 1 m high, often tinged red; stem hollow; branches sparse, glabrous to sparsely pilose towards the apices.
Basal bracts similar to the leaves but paler green, progressively smaller, more lanceolate and sessile above.
Capsule exserted on a reflexed pedicel to 6 mm long, c. 4.5 × 5.5 mm, deeply 3-lobed.
Seeds 2.6 × 2.4 mm, conical with acute apex, bluntly verrucose, blackish-brown.
Male flowers: bracteoles few, ligulate, feathery; stamens 4 mm long.
A rather lax erect annual weed, to 3 ft. high; locally abundant.
Life form annual
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality monoecy
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 1.0
Root system tap-root
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical and subtropical plant. It can grow in arid places. In Zimbabwe it grows up to 1,500 m above sea level. In Argentina it grows from sea level to 1,000 m above sea level.
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Disturbed localities, as a weed of cultivation and waste land, in gardens and along roadsides, at elevations from sea-level up to 3,000 metres.
Light 7-9
Soil humidity 1-3
Soil texture 4-6
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 7-10

Usage

Caution: All Euphorbias or spurges have irritating sap and many have chemicals that can cause cancer. The leaves are used as a famine food. They are also used in curries.
Uses animal food dye environmental use food gene source material medicinal poison social use vertebrate poison
Edible leaves
Therapeutic use Insecticides (flower), Anti-bacterial agents (leaf), Antifungal agents (leaf), Cathartics (leaf), Diarrhea (leaf), Dysentery (leaf), Hemostasis (leaf), Insecticides (leaf), Skin diseases (leaf), Syphilis (leaf), Acne vulgaris (plant exudate), Cathartics (plant exudate), Conjunctivitis (plant exudate), Diuretics (plant exudate), Lactation disorders (plant exudate), Laxatives (plant exudate), Skin diseases (plant exudate), Syphilis (plant exudate), Toothache (plant exudate), Vitiligo (plant exudate), Analgesics (root), Antifungal agents (seed), Hemagglutination (seed), Ague (unspecified), Collyrium (unspecified), Erysipelas (unspecified), Purgative (unspecified), Medicine (unspecified), Wound (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Insecticides (unspecified), Lung diseases (unspecified), Night blindness (unspecified), Parasympatholytics (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by seedlings. Seeds needs soaking.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) 9 - 15
Germination temperacture (C°) 21 - 24
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment soaking
Minimum temperature (C°) -18
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Euphorbia heterophylla habit picture by Mélanie Herteman (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Euphorbia heterophylla leaf picture by Makoto Makoto (cc-by-sa)
Euphorbia heterophylla leaf picture by Georges LÉGER (cc-by-sa)
Euphorbia heterophylla leaf picture by ifp660 (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Euphorbia heterophylla flower picture by Makoto Makoto (cc-by-sa)
Euphorbia heterophylla flower picture by ifp660 (cc-by-sa)
Euphorbia heterophylla flower picture by Tony Góes (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Euphorbia heterophylla fruit picture by jacob kinnaird (cc-by-sa)
Euphorbia heterophylla fruit picture by Siva Kumar (cc-by-sa)
Euphorbia heterophylla fruit picture by cassie wood (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Euphorbia heterophylla world distribution map, present in Åland Islands, Andorra, Benin, Burkina Faso, Bangladesh, Bahamas, Belize, Bermuda, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Botswana, Central African Republic, Canada, China, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cayman Islands, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, Ecuador, Spain, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Georgia, Ghana, Guinea, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Haiti, Indonesia, India, Jamaica, Liberia, Maldives, Mozambique, Norfolk Island, Nigeria, Nicaragua, Nauru, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Palau, Puerto Rico, Paraguay, Rwanda, Sudan, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Suriname, Seychelles, Chad, Togo, Thailand, Tokelau, Tonga, Taiwan, Province of China, Uruguay, United States of America, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Samoa, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Conservation status

Euphorbia heterophylla threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30062970-2
WFO ID wfo-0000962515
COL ID 3CP5Q
BDTFX ID 25919
INPN ID 97540
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Tithymalus heterophyllus Cyathophora heterophyla Euphorbia lockhartii Euphorbia havanensis Euphorbia linifolia Euphorbia frangulaefolia Poinsettia heterophylla Poinsettia geniculata var. heterophylla Euphorbia heterophylla var. genuina Euphorbia heterophylla

Lower taxons

Euphorbia heterophylla var. cyathophora Euphorbia heterophylla var. heterophylla