Euphorbia marginata Pursh

Snow-on-the-mountain (en), Euphorbe (fr), Euphorbe marginée (fr), Euphorbe à feuilles marginées (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Malpighiales > Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia

Characteristics

Herbs, annual, up to 60-90 cm tall. Root fibrous, 3-5 mm thick, with many rootlets. Stem single, many from base, 3-5 mm thick, smooth, usually glabrous, sometimes less pilose. Leaves alternate, sessile or subsessile; leaf blade elliptic, 5-7 × ca. 3 cm, green, base truncate-rounded, margin entire, apex obtuse, with small tip. Primary involucral leaves 2 or 3, green with white margin, elliptic, 3-4 × 1-2 cm, base attenuate, margin entire, apex rounded, primary rays 2 or 3, 1-4 cm, pubescent or subglabrous; secondary involucral leaves elliptic, 1-2 cm × 5-7(-9) mm, attenuate at base, subsessile, apex obtuse. Cyathia single from axils of involucral leaves or numerous clustered, peduncle 3-5 mm, densely pilose; involucre campanulate, 5-6 × ca. 4 mm, pubescent outside, 5 lobes, lobes triangular to rounded, apex acute to emarginate, pubescent inside; glands 4, rounded, appendages white, longer and wider than gland. Male flowers many, exserted from involucre; bracts linear. Female flower: pedicel 3-5 mm, exserted from cup; ovary densely pilose; styles free, persistent; stigma slightly 2-lobed. Capsule subglobose, ca. 5.5 × 5.5 mm, pilose; fruiting pedicel 3-7 mm. Seeds globose-terete, 3.5-4 × 2.8-3 mm, light yellow to gray-brown, with tuberose or inconspicuous enation; caruncle absent. Fl. and fr. Jun-Sep.
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Herbs, annual, with taproot. Stems erect, unbranched or branched, 30–85(–150) cm, pilose or glabrous. Leaves alternate; stipules 0.1–0.3 mm; petiole 0.2–3 mm, glabrous or minutely pilose; blade broadly ovate to elliptic, 32–62(–82) × 18–28(–52) mm, base rounded to cuneate, margins entire, often white on distal leaves, apex acute, rarely mucronate, surfaces glabrous; venation obscure, only midvein conspicuous. Cyathia in terminal pleiochasia, dichasial bracts narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate with conspicuous white margins; peduncle 1.8–2.7(–22) mm, densely pilose. Involucre campanulate, 2.2–3.5 × 1.3–2.3 mm, margin between glands deeply divided into fringe of fimbriate lobes, pilose; glands 4–5, green to greenish yellow, reniform to subcircular, 0.7–1.1 × 1–1.6 mm; appendages white, orbiculate, 1.5–2.7 × 1.9–2.9(–3.6) mm, entire. Staminate flowers 30–70. Pistillate flowers: ovary pilose; styles 1–2.5 mm, 2-fid 1/2–2/3 length. Capsules oblate, 3–5 × 3.5–7.5 mm, moderately to densely pilose; columella 3–4.1 mm. Seeds orange-tan to gray, ovoid, 3.7–3.9 × 3–3.3 mm, rugose, with 2 transverse ridges (one dark orange to brown, other inconspicuous); caruncle absent. 2n = 56.
Annual; stems erect, 3–8 dm, softly villous, especially above; cauline lvs alternate, sessile, broadly ovate to elliptic or obovate-oblong, 4–10 cm; lvs subtending the 3-rayed infl whorled or sometimes merely opposite, those within infl smaller, margined with white or wholly white; cymes crowded; involucres hairy, the 5 lobes deeply fimbriate, the 5 appendages white, conspicuous, reniform to broadly ovate; fr 3-lobed, 6–7 mm thick; seeds ovoid, 4 mm, tuberculate; 2n=56. Prairies and plains; Minn. to Mo., w. to Mont. and N.M., and escaped from cult. elsewhere. Summer. (Dichrophyllum m.; Lepadena m.)
A herb. It grows each year from seeds. It grows 60-90 cm tall. Many stems come from the base. The leaves are alternate and without leaf stalks. The leaves are 5-7 cm long by 3 cm wide.
Life form annual
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality monoecy
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 0.3 - 0.5
Mature height (meter) 0.6
Root system fibrous-root tap-root
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) 0.3
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

Infrequent to locally abundant, the plant has a liking for calcareous soils of prairies, roadsides, pastures and waste places.
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It is a temperate plant. In Argentina it grows below 500 m above sea level. In Sichuan and Yunnan.
Light 6-9
Soil humidity 1-5
Soil texture 4-6
Soil acidity 3-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 4-7

Usage

The latex is used for chewing gum.
Uses bee plant environmental use gum material medicinal ornamental poison vertebrate poison
Edible -
Therapeutic use Antirheumatic (External) (leaf), Gynecological Aid (unspecified), Poison (unspecified), Masticatory (unspecified)
Human toxicity toxic (seed)
Animal toxicity strong toxic (seed)

Cultivation

Can be grown by seedlings. Seeds needs soaking.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) 15 - 23
Germination temperacture (C°) 21
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment soaking
Minimum temperature (C°) -35
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Euphorbia marginata habit picture by L Toledo (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Euphorbia marginata leaf picture by Juan D. Diaz (cc-by-sa)
Euphorbia marginata leaf picture by Samuel CORRE (cc-by-sa)
Euphorbia marginata leaf picture by Vlaďka Vlaďka (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Euphorbia marginata flower picture by RobinsNest (cc-by-sa)
Euphorbia marginata flower picture by Kim Schwichtenberg (cc-by-sa)
Euphorbia marginata flower picture by Juan Fz (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Euphorbia marginata fruit picture by Eva Set (cc-by-sa)
Euphorbia marginata fruit picture by Andrzej Konstantynowicz (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Euphorbia marginata world distribution map, present in Åland Islands, Austria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Czech Republic, Spain, Micronesia (Federated States of), Georgia, India, Malaysia, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Poland, Taiwan, Province of China, and United States of America

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:101724-2
WFO ID wfo-0000963239
COL ID 3CPP5
BDTFX ID 25959
INPN ID 97574
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Tithymalus variegatus Tithymalus marginatus Agaloma marginata Lepadena leucoloma Lepadena marginata Tithymalus marginatus f. inornata Dichrophyllum marginatum Dichrophyllum variegatum Euphorbia bejariensis Euphorbia leucoloma Euphorbia torrida Euphorbia variegata Tithymalus marginatus var. tetramerus Euphorbia marginata var. uloleuca Euphorbia marginata