Euphorbia thymifolia L.

Species

Angiosperms > Malpighiales > Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia

Characteristics

Herbs, annual or perennial, with taproot. Stems prostrate, mat-forming, 15–30 cm, strigose to strigose-tomentulose. Leaves opposite; stipules distinct or slightly connate at base, linear-subulate, entire or slightly parted, 0.9–1.2 mm, strigose-tomentulose; petiole 0.5–1 mm, sparsely strigose-tomentulose; blade broadly elliptic to narrowly oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 3–10 × 1.8–5 mm, base asymmetric, one side usually angled or rounded and the other truncate and expanded into small, rounded auricle, margins serrate (larger leaves) to serrulate (smaller leaves), apex blunt to acute, abaxial surface sparsely tomentulose to glabrate, adaxial surface glabrate; palmately veined at base, pinnate distally. Cyathia usually in small, cymose clusters on congested, axillary branches; peduncle (0–)0.1–0.3 mm. Involucre broadly obconic, becoming distended and distorted by base of partially included capsule, 0.4–0.8 × 0.3–0.5 mm, strigose; glands 4, red, slightly concave, ± unequal, subcircular to broadly oval, 0.1–0.2 × 0.2–0.3 mm; appendages white to pink, usually unequal, occasionally ± equal at distal nodes, elongated toward sinus, sometimes rudimentary, 0.1–0.4 × 0.1–0.3 mm, distal margin entire or crenulate. Staminate flowers 3–5. Pistillate flowers: ovary densely strigose; styles 0.4–0.5 mm, 2-fid 1/2 length. Capsules conic to truncate-ovoid, scarcely exserted from involucre, base often remaining inside involucre and splitting one side of it during maturation, 0.9–1.2 × 1–1.2 mm, sparsely to moderately strigose; columella 0.6–1 mm. Seeds white, tan underneath coat, ovoid to narrowly ovoid, sharply 4-angled in cross section, 0.8–0.9 × 0.4–0.6 mm, with 4 low transverse ridges often slightly extending into angles, not sulcate.
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Prostrate densely branching annual herb, with branches to 25 cm. long, glabrous on the undersurface, the upper surface densely pilose with fairly long curved adpressed hairs, the whole plant tinged reddish brown.. Leaves ovate, to 8 × 4 mm., base obliquely subcordate, apex obtuse, margin shallowly toothed, upper surface glabrous, the lower surface with long scattered hairs; petiole 0.5 mm. long; stipules free, linear, to 1.25 mm. long, often deeply 2–3-toothed, pilose.. Cyathia solitary, subsessile, terminal and pseudoaxillary on congested leafy shoots, ± 0.5 × 0.5 mm., with funnel-shaped involucres, pilose; glands 4, minute, subcircular, red, with often almost invisible red appendages; lobes minute, triangular, ciliate.. Male flowers very few (5 or less): bracteoles reduced to 1 or 2 threads; stamens 0.8 mm. long.. Female flower: ovary subsessile; styles 0.6 mm. long, erect, bifid to halfway.. Capsule subsessile (pedicel 0.2 mm. long), splitting the involucre during development, 3-lobed, with truncate base, 1 × 1 mm., pilose with short adpressed hairs.. Seeds conical, sharply 4-angled, 0.6 × 0.4 mm., reddish brown, with shallow transverse ridges and grooves.
Herbs, annual, 10-20 cm tall. Root fibrous. Stems slender and thin, many from base, usually prostrate, 1-2(-3) mm thick, with many adventitious roots, sparsely pilose. Leaves opposite; stipules lanceolate or linear, 1-1.5 mm, easily fallen; petiole ca. 1 mm; leaf blade rounded or cordate, margin usually finely serrulate, occasionally entire, both surfaces pubescent. Cyathia single or numerous clustered and axillary, peduncle 1-2 mm, sparsely pilose; involucre campanulate to turbinate, ca. 1 × 1 mm, outside shortly pilose, marginal lobes 5, ovate; glands 4, appendage white. Male flowers few, slightly exserted from involucre. Female flower: pedicel short; ovary shortly pubescent; styles free; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 3-angular-ovoid, ca. 1.5 × 1.3-1.5 mm, smooth, shortly pubescent. Seeds ovoid-tetragonal, ca. 0.7 × 0.5 mm, dark red, each side with 4 or 5 transverse furrows; caruncle absent. Fl. and fr. Jun-Nov.
Leaves with a petiole 0.5 mm long; stipules to 1.25 mm long, linear, often deeply 2–3-toothed, pilose; lamina to 8 × 4 mm, ovate, obtuse at the apex, obliquely subcordate at the base, shallowly toothed at the margin, upper surface glabrous, lower surface with long scattered hairs.
Cyathia terminal and pseudoaxillary on congested leafy shoots, solitary, subsessile, c. 0.5 × 0.5 mm, with funnel-shaped involucres, pilose; glands 4, minute, subcircular, red, with often almost invisible red appendages; lobes minute, triangular, ciliate.
An annual spreading and much branched slender herb up to 20 cm long. The stems are usually reddish. The leaves are opposite and 4 to 7 mm long. The flowers are small and not easily noticed crowded on short branchlets in the axils of the leaves.
Prostrate densely branching annual herb, whole plant tinged reddish-brown; branches to 25 cm long, glabrous on the underside, densely pilose above with curved appressed hairs.
Capsule subsessile, splitting the involucre during development, 1 × 1 mm, 3-lobed with a truncate base, pilose with short appressed hairs.
Seeds 0.6 × 4 mm, conical, sharply 4-angled, with shallow transverse ridges and grooves, reddish-brown.
Male flowers very few (5 or less): bracteoles reduced to 1 or 2 threads; stamens 0.8 mm long.
Female flower: ovary subsessile; styles 0.6 mm long, erect, bifid to halfway.
Involucral glands red
Leaves often purplish
An introduced weed.
A prostrate herb
Life form annual
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality monoecy
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 0.1 - 0.2
Root system adventitious-root fibrous-root tap-root
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

A tropical plant. A weed found throughout the Philippines in open waste places. In Argentina it grows below 500 m above sea level.
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A common weed of cultivated and waste ground, often on sandy or gravelly soils, at elevations up to 1,650 metres.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture 3-8
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

The leaves and young shoots are edible cooked. Caution: All Euphorbias or spurges have irritating sap and many have chemicals that can cause cancer.
Uses essential oil food material medicinal non-vertebrate poison poison vertebrate poison
Edible leaves
Therapeutic use Diarrhea (aerial part), Anthelmintics (leaf), Antifungal agents (leaf), Antiviral agents (leaf), Astringents (leaf), Constipation (leaf), Dysentery (leaf), Foodborne diseases (leaf), Inflammatory bowel diseases (leaf), Kidney diseases (leaf), Laxatives (leaf), General tonic for rejuvenation (leaf), Vomiting (leaf), Acne vulgaris (plant exudate), Antifungal agents (plant exudate), Amenorrhea (root), Syphilis (root), Anthelmintics (seed), Antifungal agents (seed), Astringents (seed), Dysentery (seed), Foodborne diseases (seed), Inflammatory bowel diseases (seed), Kidney diseases (seed), Laxatives (seed), General tonic for rejuvenation (seed), Vomiting (seed), Abortifacient (unspecified), Ardor (unspecified), Astringent (unspecified), Atrophy (unspecified), Colic (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Depurative (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Erysipelas (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Flu (unspecified), Hypertension (unspecified), Repellant(Insect) (unspecified), Lactogogue (unspecified), Laxative (unspecified), Ophthalmia (unspecified), Puerperium (unspecified), Ringworm (unspecified), Ache(Stomach) (unspecified), Venereal (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Wound (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Stimulant (unspecified), Leg (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Wart (unspecified), Eye (unspecified), Abdominal pain (unspecified), Acne vulgaris (unspecified), Amenorrhea (unspecified), Anthelmintics (unspecified), Anti-bacterial agents (unspecified), Antidotes (unspecified), Antifungal agents (unspecified), Anti-infective agents (unspecified), Antioxidants (unspecified), Aphrodisiacs (unspecified), Asthma (unspecified), Astringents (unspecified), Bronchitis (unspecified), Bronchodilator agents (unspecified), Dandruff (unspecified), Diuretics (unspecified), Dysmenorrhea (unspecified), Disorder of ejaculation (unspecified), Endophthalmitis (unspecified), Expectorants (unspecified), Eye diseases (unspecified), Flatulence (unspecified), Galactogogues (unspecified), Gonorrhea (unspecified), Hair diseases (unspecified), Heart diseases (unspecified), Helminthiasis (unspecified), Hematologic diseases (unspecified), Hematuria (unspecified), Inflammatory bowel diseases (unspecified), Insecticides (unspecified), Intestinal diseases, parasitic (unspecified), Laxatives (unspecified), Leprosy (unspecified), Leukorrhea (unspecified), Mastodynia (unspecified), Menstruation-inducing agents (unspecified), Pain (unspecified), Parasympatholytics (unspecified), General tonic for rejuvenation (unspecified), Relaxation (unspecified), Skin diseases (unspecified), Smallpox (unspecified), Snake bites (unspecified), Urination disorders (unspecified), Wound healing (unspecified), Wounds and injuries (unspecified), Anthelmintics (whole plant), Antifungal agents (whole plant), Astringents (whole plant), Demulcents (whole plant), Diuretics (whole plant), Disorder of ejaculation (whole plant), Gonorrhea (whole plant), Inflammatory bowel diseases (whole plant), Laxatives (whole plant), General tonic for rejuvenation (whole plant), Skin diseases (whole plant), Snake bites (whole plant), Urination disorders (whole plant), Malaria (whole plant excluding root)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by seedlings. Seeds needs soaking.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) 10 - 15
Germination temperacture (C°) 21 - 26
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment soaking
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Euphorbia thymifolia unspecified picture

Distribution

Euphorbia thymifolia world distribution map, present in Andorra, American Samoa, Benin, Bangladesh, Belize, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Central African Republic, China, Congo, Comoros, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Gambia, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Haiti, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Jamaica, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Liberia, Moldova (Republic of), Madagascar, Maldives, Myanmar, Mozambique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Nigeria, Nicaragua, Nepal, Nauru, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Paraguay, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Suriname, Seychelles, Chad, Thailand, Tokelau, Taiwan, Province of China, Tanzania, United Republic of, United States of America, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Viet Nam, South Africa, and Zambia

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:102034-2
WFO ID wfo-0000965105
COL ID 3CQZC
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 452879
Wikipedia (EN)
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Chamaesyce thymifolia f. suffrutescens Anisophyllum thymifolium Aplarina microphylla Chamaesyce microphylla Chamaesyce thymifolia Chamaesyce rubrosperma Euphorbia afzelii Euphorbia rubicunda Euphorbia rubrosperma Euphorbia thymifolia Chamaesyce mauritiana Euphorbia botryoides Euphorbia foliata Euphorbia thymifolia var. disticha Euphorbia thymifolia f. laxifoliata Euphorbia microphylla Euphorbia thymifolia var. suffrutescens