Foeniculum vulgare Mill.

Sweet fennel (en), Fenouil commun (fr), Fenouil (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Apiales > Apiaceae > Foeniculum

Characteristics

Erect, glabrous, biennial or perennial herb 0.6–2(–2.4) m. tall, glaucous particularly above with a strong but pleasant aromatic odour resembling aniseed; root usually slender.. Stem sparingly to considerably branched, wiry, terete, finely striate.. Lower leaves 3–4-pinnate, with mostly 4–7 pairs of pinnae dissected into capillary segments very variable in length, ± 0.4–12 cm. × 0.5–0.75 mm., each terminating in a sharp generally brownish mucro; largest leaves up to 0.5 m. long, broadly deltoid; petiole ± 2–5 cm.; sheaths narrowly oblong, finely striate, 3.5–12(–20) cm., narrowly membranous-margined, auriculate at the top with blunt to acute, membranous auricles; upper leaves rapidly reducing, sessile on the sheaths, the uppermost often ± reduced to sheaths alone or with a short “brush” of leaflets.. Umbels numerous, on mostly 2.5–14 cm. peduncles; rays (3–)10–25(–30), glabrous, usually unequal, 2–6(–10) cm; partial umbels ± 6–23-flowered, on glabrous, 0.5–7(–10) mm. pedicels.. Petals ± 1 mm., yellow.. Fruit oblong-ellipsoid, slightly laterally compressed, ± 4–6 × 1.75–2.5 mm., the ribs pale and prominent, calyx obsolete; stylopodia at first short, in ripe fruit shortly cylindrical-subconical, margins crenulate; styles short, strongly deflexed on and shorter than the stylopodia.. Fig. 30.
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Perennial, entirely glabrous. Stems erect, to 2 m. Sheaths 4-12 cm in the lower leaves, shorter upwards, apex with cucullate-connate auricles; lamina usually 3-4-pinnate, segments filiform. Compound umbels terminal to the stems and the branches; peduncles 5-16 cm; rays 30-70, 5-7 cm; pedicels 5-30, ½-1 cm; involucres and involucels none. Calyx teeth none. Petals yellow, strongly curved inward. Mericarps nearly 8 by 2 mm, ribs flliformous, nearly equal, not at all winged.
A green leafy perennial herb. It can be 2 m high and 45 cm wide. The leaves are very fine. They have a feathery appearance. The stems are ribbed and at the bottom of the stalks there is a broad green section. When the leaves are crushed, they smell like aniseed. The flower at the top is a group of small yellow flowers. The seeds are oval and ribbed and about 5 mm long. Ripe fruit are wingless which distinguishes it from dill. There are several named cultivated varieties.
Stout, aromatic, erect perennial. Stems ± solid, striate, polished, up to c. 2 m high. Basal lvs 3-5-pinnate, petiolate; ultimate segments filiform, acuminate, 3-50 mm long, not all in one plane; stem lvs similar to basal; petiole extended along whole length into a thin closely-ribbed sheath. Umbels 2-5 cm diam.; rays 4-25, usually slightly incurved at fruiting. Fls numerous, yellow, 1-2 mm diam. Fr. dark brown, 3-6 mm long, tasting of liquorice; ribs pale brown.
Robust, glabrous, slightly glaucous, perennial herb, 1-3 m high; stem erect, ribbed. Leaves 3-or 4-pinnate, with narrowly linear to narrowly acicular segments, base sheathing. Flowers in many-rayed, terminal or lateral umbels; involucre absent. Calyx obsolete. Petals inflexed at apex, bright yellow. Stylopodium short, broadly conical. Flowering time Nov.-Mar. Fruit narrowly ovoid, with prominent ridges at maturity; glabrous; vittae 6, large.
Plants 0.4–2 m. Lower petioles 5–15 cm; blade broadly triangular in outline, 4–30 × 5–40 cm, 4–5-pinnatisect; ultimate segments linear, 1–6 × ca. 0.1 mm. Umbels 5–9 cm across; peduncles 2–25 cm; rays 6–29(–40), unequal, 1.5–10 cm; umbellules 14–39-flowered; pedicels thin, 2–10 mm, unequal. Fruit 4–6(–10) × 1.5–2.2(–2.5) mm. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Sep.
Short-lived perennial, stout, 1–2 m, glabrous and glaucous; lf-segments mostly 1–4(–5) cm, well under 1 mm wide; rays 10–40, unequal, mostly 2–8 cm at maturity; fr 3.5–4 mm, the ribs acute; 2n=22. Native of the Mediterranean region, now found throughout much of the U.S., especially southward, and elsewhere in warm regions.
Leaves with well-developed sheathing bases, up to 5 cm. long but frequently much shorter, 3–4-pinnate with finely-divided ultimate segments which are narrowly linear to capillary, becoming reduced upwards towards the inflorescence and finally occurring only as sheathing bases with 0–few linear lobes.
Fruit 4–8 mm. long, narrowly ovoid at maturity, very distinctly glaucous-grey especially when immature; stylopodium rather low. Mericarps with ribs that are obvious at maturity, but inconspicuous in young fruit.
Umbels terminal and lateral, rays (4)9–30, 1–11 cm. long, relatively robust and somewhat glaucous. Partial umbels with up to 12 flowers on pedicels 5–10 mm. long; bracts and bracteoles 0 (rarely few).
Perennial herb, up to 2 m high. Leaves 3-or 4-pinnate with finely divided ultimate segments which are narrowly linear to capillary. Fruit distinctly glaucous grey. Flowers bright yellow.
Robust, glabrous, somewhat glaucous perennial herb up to 2 m.
Stems rigid when mature and with many fine distinct ribs.
Calyx teeth obsolete; petals bright yellow.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread barochory
Mature width (meter) 0.75 - 1.0
Mature height (meter) 1.5 - 2.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 0.89
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A temperate plant. It grows well in a Mediterranean climate. It grows well on dry and stony calcareous soils. It grows up to at least 2200 m altitude in the tropics. It grows better during the drier season at altitudes over 500 m. In PNG is grows between 1,400-2,200 m above sea level. It is cultivated but also easily grows wild. It is frost hardy. It grows in Nepal to about 2400 m altitude. In Argentina it grows from sea level to 1,000 m above sea level. It suits hardiness zones 5-10. Tasmania Herbarium. In Hobart Botanical gardens. In Yunnan.
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Found most often in dry stony calcareous soils near the sea.
Not found in the wild.
Light 6-9
Soil humidity 2-6
Soil texture 2-5
Soil acidity 4-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 6-9

Usage

The top leaves can be boiled and eaten as a flavouring. The young tender central portion and the leaf bases can be chopped and eaten. The root can be cooked and eaten. (It is used in medicine) The seeds can be used as a flavouring. They are used to flavour bread and cakes and in stuffings. It is used in sauces, sausages, stews and salads,
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Uses. Young leaves and fruits for flavouring dishes; medicinal for giving agreeable flavour to medicines; in European confectionery. The seeds sold in Java are stated to be introduced from India.
Uses animal food dye environmental use essential oil fodder food food additive gene source material medicinal poison seasoning smoking spice
Edible bulbs flowers leaves roots seeds
Therapeutic use Abdominal pain (fruit), Amnesia (fruit), Anemia (fruit), Anorexia (fruit), Anthelmintics (fruit), Anti-bacterial agents (fruit), Antifungal agents (fruit), Anti-infective agents (fruit), Antinematodal agents (fruit), Antineoplastic agents (fruit), Antioxidants (fruit), Appetite stimulants (fruit), Asthma (fruit), Blood pressure regulation (fruit), Bronchitis (fruit), Cathartics (fruit), Chest pain (fruit), Cholinergic antagonists (fruit), Colic (fruit), Common cold (fruit), Constipation (fruit), Contraceptive agents (fruit), Cough (fruit), Dental caries (fruit), Diarrhea (fruit), Digestive system diseases (fruit), Diuretics (fruit), Dysentery (fruit), Dyspepsia (fruit), Enema (fruit), Eye diseases (fruit), Fertility agents, female (fruit), Fever (fruit), Flatulence (fruit), Galactogogues (fruit), Gastric acid (fruit), Gastrointestinal agents (fruit), Gastrointestinal diseases (fruit), Gout (fruit), Hematologic diseases (fruit), Hemorrhage (fruit), Hypotension (fruit), Counterirritant (fruit), Kidney diseases (fruit), Lactation disorders (fruit), Laxatives (fruit), Menorrhagia (fruit), Menstrual cycle (fruit), Menstruation-inducing agents (fruit), Miliaria (fruit), Pain (fruit), Periodontal diseases (fruit), Increase physical endurance, strength and stamina (fruit), General tonic for rejuvenation (fruit), Scabies (fruit), Skin diseases (fruit), Splenic diseases (fruit), Sunstroke (fruit), Sweating (fruit), Thirst (fruit), Vomiting (fruit), Wounds and injuries (fruit), Cooling effect on body (fruit), Antifungal agents (leaf), Antirheumatic agents (leaf), Colic (leaf), Cough (leaf), Diuretics (leaf), Flatulence (leaf), Gonorrhea (leaf), Hyperhidrosis (leaf), Hypotension (leaf), Insecticides (leaf), Menstrual cycle (leaf), Muscle cramp (leaf), Urination disorders (leaf), Amenorrhea (root), Anti-bacterial agents (root), Antifungal agents (root), Anti-inflammatory agents (root), Cathartics (root), Diuretics (root), Flatulence (root), Menstrual cycle (root), Rheumatoid arthritis (root), Eye Medicine (seed), Gastrointestinal Aid (seed), Abdominal pain (seed), Abortifacient agents (seed), Amenorrhea (seed), Analgesics (seed), Anthelmintics (seed), Antifungal agents (seed), Anti-infective agents (seed), Antinematodal agents (seed), Antineoplastic agents (seed), Antioxidants (seed), Appetite stimulants (seed), Asthma (seed), Blood pressure regulation (seed), Cathartics (seed), Chemoprevention (seed), Chest pain (seed), Cholinergic agents (seed), Common cold (seed), Constipation (seed), Diarrhea (seed), Digestive system diseases (seed), Diuretics (seed), Dysentery (seed), Enema (seed), Estrogen receptor modulators (seed), Eye diseases (seed), Fever (seed), Flatulence (seed), Galactogogues (seed), Gastric acid (seed), Gastrointestinal diseases (seed), Gout (seed), HIV infections (seed), Insect repellents (seed), Kidney diseases (seed), Menorrhagia (seed), Menstrual cycle (seed), Menstruation-inducing agents (seed), Miliaria (seed), Neoplasms (seed), Oxytocics (seed), Pain (seed), Parasympatholytics (seed), Increase physical endurance, strength and stamina (seed), General tonic for rejuvenation (seed), Scabies (seed), Splenic diseases (seed), Sunstroke (seed), Thirst (seed), Vomiting (seed), Wounds and injuries (seed), Cooling effect on body (seed), Carminative (unspecified), Cold Remedy (unspecified), Gastrointestinal Aid (unspecified), Gynecological Aid (unspecified), Pediatric Aid (unspecified), Tonic (unspecified), Abdomen (unspecified), Abortifacient (unspecified), Ache(Back) (unspecified), Ache(Stomach) (unspecified), Aerophagia (unspecified), Amenorrhea (unspecified), Anodyne (unspecified), Bite(Snake) (unspecified), Cancer (unspecified), Colic (unspecified), Dermatosis (unspecified), Digestive (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Dysmenorrhea (unspecified), Dyspepsia (unspecified), Emmenagogue (unspecified), Enuresis (unspecified), Expectorant (unspecified), Flux (unspecified), Gas (unspecified), Gastritis (unspecified), Gonorrhea (unspecified), Hepatosis (unspecified), Hernia (unspecified), Kidney (unspecified), Lactagogue (unspecified), Lactogogue (unspecified), Nausea (unspecified), Nerves (unspecified), Parasiticide (unspecified), Parturition (unspecified), Pectoral (unspecified), Restorative (unspecified), Rheumatism (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Spasm (unspecified), Spice (unspecified), Spleen (unspecified), Stimulant (unspecified), Stomachic (unspecified), Strangury (unspecified), Tenesmus (unspecified), Tumor (unspecified), Vermicide (unspecified), Balsamic (unspecified), Energy (unspecified), Aphrodisiac (unspecified), Cancer(Uterus) (unspecified), Cardiotonic (unspecified), Chest (unspecified), Cholera (unspecified), Diaphoretic (unspecified), Enteritis (unspecified), Gastralgia (unspecified), Respiratory (unspecified), Toothache (unspecified), Virility (unspecified), Vision (unspecified), Anemia (unspecified), Anorexia (unspecified), Anthelmintics (unspecified), Antidotes (unspecified), Antiemetics (unspecified), Anti-infective agents, local (unspecified), Anti-inflammatory agents (unspecified), Antinematodal agents (unspecified), Antipyretics (unspecified), Antitoxins (unspecified), Aphrodisiacs (unspecified), Appetite stimulants (unspecified), Asthenia (unspecified), Asthma (unspecified), Bronchitis (unspecified), Cardiotonic agents (unspecified), Cathartics (unspecified), Chest pain (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Diuretics (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Dysuria (unspecified), Emollients (unspecified), Expectorants (unspecified), Eye diseases (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Flatulence (unspecified), Galactogogues (unspecified), Graves ophthalmopathy (unspecified), Headache (unspecified), Heart diseases (unspecified), Hematinics (unspecified), Hemorrhage (unspecified), Hypohidrosis (unspecified), Inflammation (unspecified), Kidney diseases (unspecified), Lactation disorders (unspecified), Lymphadenitis (unspecified), Pain (unspecified), Skin diseases (unspecified), Splenic diseases (unspecified), Thirst (unspecified), Urination disorders (unspecified), Vomiting (unspecified), Antinematodal agents (whole plant)
Human toxicity weak toxic (aerial)
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from seed. These can be transplanted. The rootstock of established plants can be used to start new plants. A spacing of 50 cm apart between plants is suitable. (Dill and fennel can cross pollinate and the flavours mix.)
Mode divisions seedlings
Germination duration (days) 9 - 14
Germination temperacture (C°) 20
Germination luminosity dark
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -29
Optimum temperature (C°) 15 - 25
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Foeniculum vulgare habit picture by Dieter Albrecht (cc-by-sa)
Foeniculum vulgare habit picture by Jean Gauberti (cc-by-sa)
Foeniculum vulgare habit picture by francois tissot (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Foeniculum vulgare leaf picture by Laurent Marie (cc-by-sa)
Foeniculum vulgare leaf picture by Laurent Marie (cc-by-sa)
Foeniculum vulgare leaf picture by dodo4711 (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Foeniculum vulgare flower picture by Pierre (cc-by-sa)
Foeniculum vulgare flower picture by Aneka Lewis (cc-by-sa)
Foeniculum vulgare flower picture by Cesar Gonzalez (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Foeniculum vulgare fruit picture by Stefana Popova (cc-by-sa)
Foeniculum vulgare fruit picture by Dieter Albrecht (cc-by-sa)
Foeniculum vulgare fruit picture by Vincent Tanqueray (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Foeniculum vulgare world distribution map, present in Brazil, Canada, China, France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, New Zealand, Pakistan, Sudan, Thailand, United States of America, and South Africa

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:842680-1
WFO ID wfo-0000691487
COL ID 6JBPX
BDTFX ID 27986
INPN ID 98756
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Meum piperitum Ozodia foeniculacea Selinum foeniculum Seseli piperitum Seseli dulce Seseli foeniculum Foeniculum azoricum Foeniculum dulce Foeniculum officinale Anethum panmori Anethum panmorium Anethum dulce Anethum minus Anethum piperitum Anethum rupestre Foeniculum capillaceum Foeniculum divaricatum Foeniculum foeniculum Foeniculum giganteum Foeniculum panmorium Foeniculum piperitum Foeniculum rigidum Foeniculum vulgare Ligusticum foeniculum Anethum foeniculum Meum foeniculum Ligusticum foeniculum Anethum pannorium Foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum Foeniculum vulgare var. sativum Foeniculum vulgare subsp. sativum Foeniculum vulgare var. capillaceum Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce Foeniculum vulgare var. inodorum Foeniculum vulgare var. piperitum Foeniculum vulgare subsp. capillaceum