Fumaria officinalis L.

Drug fumitory (en), Fumeterre officinale (fr), Herbe à la veuve (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Ranunculales > Papaveraceae > Fumaria

Characteristics

Suberect to diffuse herb to c. 50 cm high, usually branching from near base; green to distinctly glaucous. Largest ultimate segments of leaves to c. 5 mm long and 1.5 mm wide. Raceme much longer than peduncle, often subsessile. Bracts ½ as long as pedicel. Pedicel rather thick, straight, remaining suberect. Sepals peltately attached, ovate, 2–3.5 mm long, usually deeply toothed, rarely subentire, slightly narrower than corolla. Corolla usually 6.5–9 mm long, occasionally longer, pink, blackish purple at apex; upper and lower petals subspathulate to spathulate; inner petals with a median yellow streak. Fruit slightly to distinctly wider than long, c. 2 mm long, 2–3 mm wide, rounded at base, truncate to shallowly emarginate at apex, often obreniform in outline, rugulose-tuberculate, with shallow apical pits.
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Tufted or scrambling annual herb. Lvs crowded to distant; lamina dissected, pale, glaucous, up to 8 × 4 cm; segments linear or linear-lanceolate, occasionally narrowly cuneiform. Infl. dense, becoming lax at fruiting, with (10)-20-40 fls; rachis > peduncle, especially at fruiting. Peduncles stout, 1-3 cm long; bracts oblong, pale, membranous, pink at tips, < pedicels, 1-2 × 0.5-0.8 mm. Sepals ovate to narrow-ovate, dentate, acute, 2-2.5 × 0.7-1 mm. Corolla purplish pink with dark green and purple tips, (6)-7-8-(9) mm long; lower petal spoon-shaped with widely-spreading margins at tip. Fr. broadly obovoid, broader than long, c. 2 × 2.5 mm, rugose when dry; apex truncate to retuse; apical pits small.
Herbs, 15-50 cm tall, diffusely branched and leafy throughout. Leaf lobes linear to narrowly oblong, to 1.5 mm wide. Raceme 10-40-flowered, usually shortly stalked; bracts oblong, ca. 1/2 to as long as spreading to erect-spreading rigid fruiting pedicels 4-6 mm. Sepals 2-3.5 × 1-1.5 mm, dentate. Corolla pink or pale amaranth; upper petal 7-9 mm, spur 2-2.5 mm, marginal wings often darker; lower petal narrowly subspatulate with long claw, limb ± dentate; inner petals tipped with dark purple. Infructescence 4-9 cm; fruiting pedicels 5-6 mm, straight and slightly thickened. Nut subreniform-truncate in profile, broader than long, ca. 2 × 2.5 mm, faintly rugulose. Fl. and fr. May-Sep. 2n = 32.
Lax but rather robust, diffusely branched, 2–8 dm; racemes dense, many-fld, 2–4 cm; cor 8 mm, the tube red-purple, the summit dark red; fr 2.5 mm. Native of Europe, intr. in waste ground here and there in our range; 2n=32. May–Aug.
A robust herb with weak stems. It is an annual plant and is sprawling or climbing. The leaves are grey-green and finely divided. They are 5-15 cm long. The flowers are pink and 7 mm long. They are in dense elongated groups.
Life form annual
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread myrmecochory
Mature width (meter) 0.3
Mature height (meter) 0.25 - 0.3
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a temperate climate plant. It needs a light, well-drained soil. In Argentina it grows from sea level to 1,500 m above sea level.
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Arable land and as a weed in gardens, usually on lighter soils. It is also found growing on old walls.
Prefers calcareous soils.
Light 6-9
Soil humidity 4-6
Soil texture 3-6
Soil acidity 3-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 4-8

Usage

The plant including flowers is added to sour milk to impart flavour and after the milk has soured thickly the plant is removed. It gives a tangy taste and acts as a preservative. Leaves can be used fresh or dried. They are used in salads and pies.
Uses dye magical plant medicinal
Edible leaves
Therapeutic use Biliary tract diseases (flower), Fever (flower), Skin diseases (flower), Hypotension (seed), Abscess (unspecified), Adenopathy (unspecified), Aperient (unspecified), Carbuncle (unspecified), Cholagogue (unspecified), Depurative (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Jaundice (unspecified), Laxative (unspecified), Liver (unspecified), Sclerosis(Liver) (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Splinter (unspecified), Stomach (unspecified), Stomachic (unspecified), Struma (unspecified), Swelling (unspecified), Tonic (unspecified), Skin (unspecified), Alterative (unspecified), Sedative (unspecified), Sudorific (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Cancer (unspecified), Anthelmintics (unspecified), Arteriosclerosis (unspecified), Constipation (unspecified), Diuretics (unspecified), Eczema (unspecified), Laxatives (unspecified), Parasympatholytics (unspecified), General tonic for rejuvenation (unspecified), Skin diseases (unspecified), Stomach diseases (unspecified), Diaphoretic (unspecified), Anti-arrhythmia agents (whole plant), Arteriosclerosis (whole plant), Diaphoretic (whole plant)
Human toxicity toxic (aerial)
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are grown from seed.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Fumaria officinalis habit picture by Emanuele Santarelli (cc-by-sa)
Fumaria officinalis habit picture by Jacques Zuber (cc-by-sa)
Fumaria officinalis habit picture by Yoan MARTIN (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Fumaria officinalis leaf picture by Payo Rayosss3 (cc-by-sa)
Fumaria officinalis leaf picture by Kai Best (cc-by-sa)
Fumaria officinalis leaf picture by Enzo (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Fumaria officinalis flower picture by Fabien Blanchon (cc-by-sa)
Fumaria officinalis flower picture by lafuente fernando (cc-by-sa)
Fumaria officinalis flower picture by Rebollo Marcos (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Fumaria officinalis fruit picture by Kai Best (cc-by-sa)
Fumaria officinalis fruit picture by Mieke Geerts (cc-by-sa)
Fumaria officinalis fruit picture by Jeff Mear (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Fumaria officinalis world distribution map, present in Albania, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Belarus, Canada, Switzerland, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Algeria, Egypt, Spain, Estonia, Finland, France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Georgia, Greece, Croatia, Hungary, India, Iceland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, Morocco, Mexico, North Macedonia, Malta, Montenegro, Mongolia, Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, Turkey, Taiwan, Province of China, Ukraine, Uruguay, United States of America, and South Africa

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:673050-1
WFO ID wfo-0000693355
COL ID 6JS2P
BDTFX ID 28525
INPN ID 99108
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Fumaria diffusa Fumaria muralis Fumaria officinarum Fumaria angustifolia Fumaria major Fumaria media Fumaria pulchella Fumaria gasparinii Fumaria petteri Fumaria officinalis var. elegans Fumaria officinalis subsp. officinalis Fumaria officinalis

Lower taxons

Fumaria officinalis subsp. cilicica Fumaria officinalis subsp. wirtgenii