Gloriosa superba L.

Flame lily (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Liliales > Colchicaceae > Gloriosa

Characteristics

Herb, stem erect, simple or branched, sometimes not higher than 40 cm, or plant scandent or climbing, up to several meters long.. Leaves alternate, sometimes opposite or verticillate and clustered, sometimes clustered above the middle of the stem, sessile, base sometimes sheathing the stem, ranging from linear, elliptic-lanceolate, elliptic to ovate, 6–17.5 cm long, 0.4–5 cm wide, apex acute, acuminate, falcate or ending in a tendril.. Flowers solitary, axillary, sometimes terminal, different shades of yellow, orange, red, crimson, purple/mauve stripes or fading purple, often bicolored; pedicel erect, recurved apically, 3.5–18 cm long.. Perianth sometimes at the base connate into a short tube, up to 2 mm long; perianth segments (strongly) reflexed, base clawed, narrowly elliptic-linear, oblong-lanceolate, sometimes ovate to obovate, 29–85 mm long, 4–25(–38) mm wide, the margins sometimes crisped,apex acuminate to acute, sometimes falcate.. Filaments filiform, sometimes flattened, 10–45 mm long; anthers straight to curved, 5.5–15 mm long.. Ovary 4–13 mm long, 1–5 mm wide; style 9–50 mm long.. Capsule 37–50 mm long, 10–14 mm in diameter; seeds 4 mm.
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A climbing plant. Stems terete, glabrous. Leaves about 10 cm long, 4-8 cm broad, ovate, long-acuminate into a tendril, glabrous. Flowers solitary; buds ovate in outline, winged. Pedicel up to 13 cm long, terete, glabrous, sharply bent at the apex. Perianth-segments at first a pale yellow in colour, changing to red above and yellow beneath when more mature, at first horizontal and then strongly reflexed, 5 cm long, 2 cm broad, lanceolate, acuminate, with a deeply channelled claw, keeled in the channel. Stamens at first pointing downwards, at length becoming horizontal and radiating, 2-7 cm long; anthers 1-2 cm long, 3 mm broad, linear. Ovary 1-7 cm long, deeply 3-lobed; style bent at right angles to the ovary, 3-8 cm long; lobes 3 mm long.
Stems usually climbing to c. 2 m (rarely to 6 m), less often erect; green. Leaves (including the tendril) 8-17.5(-25) by (1.25-)1.5-4(-4.5) cm; tendril usually less than 1 cm long. Pedicels 4.5-19 cm. Perianth segments narrowly elliptic, with undulate or crisped margins, 5-7(-9) by ¾-1.5(-3) cm broad, yellow or red, often (perhaps always in Asia) yellow or green towards the base at first but becoming red throughout later. Filaments spreading, 2.5-5 cm long; anthers 7-10 mm long. Ovary 8-15 mm long; style including the filiform, 3-7(-12) mm long style branches 3.5-5.5 cm long. Capsule 4-10 by c. 1.5-2 cm. Seeds vivid-red or orange-red, with a fleshy testa, c. 5 mm ø, tardily falling.
Climbing or erect geophyte, 0.25-2.43 m high. Corms abruptly bent, tunic lacking. Stems supple, scandent. Leaves alternate or crowded in places, linear to ovate, attenuated into a terminal, recurved tendril. Flowers ± nodding, on upper part of stem on long pedicels, placed beside a leaf or unattended; tepal segments free, equal, narrowly ovate-acuminate, often crisped, persistent, yellow, orange or red. Stamens hypogynous; filaments firm, terete, spreading; anthers 2-thecous, versatile. Ovary oblong; ovules many. Flowering time Nov.-Mar. Fruit a cylindrical capsule, 3-valved, loculicidal, leathery. Seeds globose, bright red, fleshy.
Rhizome usually forked, ca. 1 cm in diam., fleshy. Stem scandent, 2--3 m or more, rather slender. Leaves alternate or occasionally also opposite, sessile or shortly petiolate, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 7--13 cm, apex long caudate with a tendril. Flowers nodding; pedicel 10--15 cm. Tepals reflexed, bright red, proximally tinged with yellow, linear-oblanceolate, 4.5--5 cm × 7--9 mm, base slightly clawed, margin much crisped. Filaments 3--4 cm; anthers ca. 1 cm. Style 2.5--3.5 cm; stigma lobes 6--7 mm. Fl. Jul--Aug. 2 n = 22, 88, 90.
Scrambling and climbing herb to 4 m, with thick rhizomes. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, 6–25 cm long, 1.2–4.5 cm wide; curled apical tendril 1–2 cm long. Flowers 4.5–7.5 cm diam., yellow, orange or red; pedicel 4–20 cm long. Perianth persistent. Sepals and petals 5–8 cm long, 7–15 mm wide, strongly reflexed; margins undulate. Stamens 3–7 cm long; filaments filiform, 2.5–5 cm long, divergent; anthers 7–10 mm long. Ovary glabrous, 1–1.5 cm long; style 3.5–5.5 cm long. Capsule ellipsoid, 4–10 cm long, 1–2 cm diam. Seeds ovoid, 4–5 mm diam.
A scrambling herb. It keeps growing from year to year. It grows 1.5 m long. The leaves are alternate. The leaf tips end in a coiled tendril. The flowers are orange or red and have 6 tepals that curve backwards. There are 6 long stamen that spread out parallel to the ground under the flower. The fruit is a leathery capsule with bright red seeds.
Flowers turning from yellow to red.
Common forest climber
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support climber
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 0.55 - 0.75
Mature height (meter) 1.5 - 2.43
Root system rhizome
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

Brushwood, hedges, teak-forest, only in regions subject to a strong dry season, from near the beach and dunes up to c. 300 m altitude (very rarely 600 m), locally common. It is not native in Sumatra and Borneo, and probably not in continental Malaya. This disjunction in its range between continental SE. Asia and Central South Malesia is clearly caused by its drought preferring ecology. Fl. fr. Jan-Dec.
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A tropical plant. It grows in grassland and woodland. In southern China it grows between 900-1,300 m above sea level. In Yunnan.
Locally common in brushwood, hedges and open forest, usually at elevations up to 300 metres, occasionally to 600 metres.
Established in shady areas and coastal dunes.
Light 6-8
Soil humidity 3-6
Soil texture 2-5
Soil acidity 2-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-12

Usage

Uses. Commonly grown as a garden ornamental. The tuber is said to be poisonous (through colchicin), but only slightly so as was tested by Boorsma (Backer, 1914; Heyne, 1927). Fig. 2.
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CAUTION: Many plants in this genus are poisonous. The tubers contain the poison colchicine. The leaves are eaten.
National flower of Zimbabwe.
Uses animal food environmental use food material medicinal non-vertebrate poison ornamental poison social use vertebrate poison
Edible fruits leaves
Therapeutic use Analgesics (aerial part), Anti-inflammatory agents (aerial part), Anthelmintics (flower), Eye diseases (flower), Labor pain (flower), Scabies (fruit), Skin diseases (fruit), Abdominal pain (leaf), Abortifacient agents (leaf), Anthelmintics (leaf), Antirheumatic agents (leaf), Asthma (leaf), Bites and stings (leaf), Cathartics (leaf), Dandruff (leaf), Fever (leaf), Gonorrhea (leaf), Gout (leaf), Hemorrhoids (leaf), Jaundice (leaf), Labor pain (leaf), Leprosy (leaf), Lice infestations (leaf), Malaria (leaf), Neoplasms (leaf), Pain (leaf), Pneumonia (leaf), Scabies (leaf), Skin diseases (leaf), Snake bites (leaf), Ulcer (leaf), Urination disorders (leaf), Abortifacient agents (rhizome), Analgesics (rhizome), Anthelmintics (rhizome), Antirheumatic agents (rhizome), Gout (rhizome), Hemorrhoids (rhizome), Inflammation (rhizome), Leprosy (rhizome), Migraine disorders (rhizome), Oxytocics (rhizome), Pain (rhizome), General tonic for rejuvenation (rhizome), Scorpion stings (rhizome), Skin diseases (rhizome), Skin neoplasms (rhizome), Snake bites (rhizome), Spasm (rhizome), Ulcer (rhizome), Wounds and injuries (rhizome), Abdominal pain (root), Abortifacient agents (root), Abscess (root), Analgesics (root), Anthelmintics (root), Anti-bacterial agents (root), Antidotes (root), Antifungal agents (root), Anti-inflammatory agents (root), Antiparasitic agents (root), Antirheumatic agents (root), Arthralgia (root), Arthritis (root), Asthma (root), Bites and stings (root), Cathartics (root), Cholagogues and choleretics (root), Colic (root), Common cold (root), Cough (root), Diphtheria (root), Diuretics (root), Edema (root), Eye diseases (root), Fever (root), Foodborne diseases (root), Furunculosis (root), Gastrointestinal diseases (root), Gonorrhea (root), Gout (root), Hemorrhage (root), Hemorrhoids (root), Infertility (root), Inflammation (root), Inflammatory bowel diseases (root), Jaundice (root), Labor pain (root), Laxatives (root), Leprosy (root), Migraine disorders (root), Mumps (root), Nervous system diseases (root), Neuralgia (root), Pain (root), Pregnancy complications (root), Pruritus (root), General tonic for rejuvenation (root), Rheumatic fever (root), Scorpion stings (root), Skin diseases (root), Skin diseases, infectious (root), Snake bites (root), Ulcer (root), Ureteral calculi (root), Uterine contraction (root), Vitiligo (root), Vomiting (root), Warts (root), Wounds and injuries (root), Antiperiodic (root), Irritant (root), Abdominal pain (seed), Abortifacient agents (seed), Hair loss (seed), Anthelmintics (seed), Antinematodal agents (seed), Antirheumatic agents (seed), Colic (seed), Cough (seed), Dermatitis (seed), Enterobius (seed), Gonorrhea (seed), Gout (seed), Hemorrhage (seed), Hemorrhoids (seed), Leprosy (seed), Muscle relaxation (seed), Neoplasms (seed), Oxytocics (seed), Pregnancy complications (seed), Skin diseases (seed), Snake bites (seed), Ulcer (seed), Antiperiodic (seed), Abortifacient agents (shoot), Oxytocics (shoot), Abortifacient agents (stem), Antirheumatic agents (stem), Cathartics (stem), Fever (stem), Gonorrhea (stem), Gout (stem), Hemorrhoids (stem), Jaundice (stem), Leprosy (stem), Malaria (stem), Neoplasms (stem), Pain (stem), Postnatal care (stem), Pregnancy complications (stem), Scorpion stings (stem), Skin diseases (stem), Snake bites (stem), Ulcer (stem), Urination disorders (stem), Abdominal pain (tuber), Abortifacient agents (tuber), Acne vulgaris (tuber), Hair loss (tuber), Anthelmintics (tuber), Antidotes (tuber), Anti-inflammatory agents (tuber), Antiprotozoal agents (tuber), Antipruritics (tuber), Antipyretics (tuber), Antirheumatic agents (tuber), Appetite stimulants (tuber), Arthralgia (tuber), Asthma (tuber), Blister (tuber), Cathartics (tuber), Colic (tuber), Conjunctivitis (tuber), Contraceptive agents (tuber), Cough (tuber), Dandruff (tuber), Dermatitis (tuber), Dyspepsia (tuber), Edema (tuber), Enterobius (tuber), Exanthema (tuber), Fever (tuber), Furunculosis (tuber), Gonorrhea (tuber), Gout (tuber), Headache (tuber), Helminthiasis (tuber), Hemorrhage (tuber), Hemorrhoids (tuber), Infection (tuber), Inflammation (tuber), Jaundice (tuber), Labor pain (tuber), Laxatives (tuber), Leprosy (tuber), Lice infestations (tuber), Malaria (tuber), Neoplasms (tuber), Night blindness (tuber), Pain (tuber), Pregnancy complications (tuber), Pruritus (tuber), Scorpion stings (tuber), Skin diseases (tuber), Smallpox (tuber), Snake bites (tuber), Tuberculosis, lymph node (tuber), Ulcer (tuber), Urination disorders (tuber), Vitiligo (tuber), Wounds and injuries (tuber), Antiperiodic (tuber), Abortifacient (unspecified), Bile (unspecified), Bite(Snake) (unspecified), Cancer (unspecified), Canicide (unspecified), Colic (unspecified), Erysipelas (unspecified), Gonorrhea (unspecified), Homicide (unspecified), Labor (unspecified), Malaria (unspecified), Mitogen (unspecified), Neuralgia (unspecified), Parasite (unspecified), Parturition (unspecified), Pediculicide (unspecified), Piles (unspecified), Poison (unspecified), Scabies (unspecified), Skin (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Splenitis (unspecified), Stomachic (unspecified), Suicide (unspecified), Tonic (unspecified), Tumor (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Vermifuge(Veterinary) (unspecified), Bactericide (unspecified), Anodyne (unspecified), Syphilis (unspecified), Alterative (unspecified), Laxative (unspecified), Leprosy (unspecified), Parasiticide (unspecified), Cholagogue (unspecified), Abortifacient agents (unspecified), Anthelmintics (unspecified), Antipruritics (unspecified), Antipyretics (unspecified), Antispermatogenic agents (unspecified), Appetite stimulants (unspecified), Asthenia (unspecified), Astringents (unspecified), Central nervous system depressants (unspecified), Central nervous system diseases (unspecified), Disinfectants (unspecified), Dyspepsia (unspecified), Edema (unspecified), Emetics (unspecified), Expectorants (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Flatulence (unspecified), Gastrointestinal diseases (unspecified), Gout (unspecified), Helminthiasis (unspecified), Hemorrhage (unspecified), Hemorrhoids (unspecified), Infection (unspecified), Inflammation (unspecified), Insecticides (unspecified), Menstruation-inducing agents (unspecified), Parasympatholytics (unspecified), Anti-poisoning (unspecified), Pruritus (unspecified), General tonic for rejuvenation (unspecified), Skin diseases (unspecified), Splenic diseases (unspecified), Tuberculosis, lymph node (unspecified), Ulcer (unspecified), Wounds and injuries (unspecified), Abortifacient agents (whole plant), Abscess (whole plant), Anthelmintics (whole plant), Antirheumatic agents (whole plant), Asthma (whole plant), Cathartics (whole plant), Cholagogues and choleretics (whole plant), Cholestasis (whole plant), Dystocia (whole plant), Edema (whole plant), Erysipelas (whole plant), Fever (whole plant), Gonorrhea (whole plant), Gout (whole plant), Hemorrhoids (whole plant), Intestinal diseases, parasitic (whole plant), Leprosy (whole plant), Neoplasms (whole plant), Scabies (whole plant), Skin diseases (whole plant), Snake bites (whole plant), Splenic diseases (whole plant), Syphilis (whole plant), Uterine diseases (whole plant), Wounds and injuries (whole plant)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from bulblets, division of the tubers and from seeds. Seeds germinate better if soaked in hot water.
Mode divisions seedlings tubers
Germination duration (days) 30
Germination temperacture (C°) 21 - 23
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment soaking
Minimum temperature (C°) 1
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Gloriosa superba habit picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)
Gloriosa superba habit picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)
Gloriosa superba habit picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Gloriosa superba leaf picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)
Gloriosa superba leaf picture by Nil (cc-by-sa)
Gloriosa superba leaf picture by ian connop (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Gloriosa superba flower picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)
Gloriosa superba flower picture by Cédric Guillemin (cc-by-sa)
Gloriosa superba flower picture by Jaco Jaco Kotze (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Gloriosa superba fruit picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)
Gloriosa superba fruit picture by Hugo SANTACREU (cc-by-sa)
Gloriosa superba fruit picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Gloriosa superba world distribution map, present in Angola, Andorra, Australia, Benin, Burkina Faso, Bangladesh, Botswana, Central African Republic, China, Congo, Cook Islands, Cabo Verde, Spain, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, India, Kenya, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Liberia, Madagascar, Maldives, Myanmar, Mozambique, Norfolk Island, Nigeria, Nepal, Nauru, Pakistan, Réunion, Rwanda, Sudan, Senegal, Solomon Islands, Sierra Leone, Suriname, Seychelles, Chad, Togo, Thailand, Tokelau, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, United States of America, Viet Nam, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Conservation status

Gloriosa superba threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:535953-1
WFO ID wfo-0000769245
COL ID 3GD93
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 447836
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Methonica petersiana Methonica plantii Gloriosa virescens Methonica doniana Methonica gloriosa Eugone superba Gloriosa angulata Gloriosa nepalensis Gloriosa superba f. doniana Gloriosa verschuurii Methonica platyphylla Methonica superba Methonica grandiflora Gloriosa x rockefelleriana Gloriosa rothschildiana o'brien Gloriosa sampiana Gloriosa virescens var. grandiflora Gloriosa graminifolia var. heterophylla Gloriosa superba var. angustifolia Gloriosa virescens var. plantii Gloriosa virescens var. leopoldii Gloriosa virescens var. petersiana Gloriosa virescens var. platyphylla Gloriosa superba f. grandiflora Gloriosa superba var. superba Gloriosa cirrhifolia Gloriosa doniana Gloriosa superba