Gyrocarpus americanus Jacq.

Species

Angiosperms > Laurales > Hernandiaceae > Gyrocarpus

Characteristics

Medium-sized deciduous tree usually 12–18 m., rarely over 30 m. tall or shrubby, often flowering when almost or quite leafless; trunk up to 1 m. wide; bark smooth to scaly, grey, white or yellow-brown; slash straw-coloured margined green; twigs brittle.. Leaves either dimorphic, the young ones 3(–5)-lobed up to the middle of the lamina and the older ones ovate-lanceolate or rarely reniform, or all leaves ovate-lanceolate, 4–25 cm. long, 4–22 cm. wide, thin or rarely subcoriaceous, the nervation pedate, the midrib with 3–6 pairs of lateral nerves, glabrous or almost so or brownish to grey-white pubescent or tomentose, laxly so above but denser beneath; petioles 4–18 cm. long, ± channelled.. Flowers ± scented, greenish fulvous, aggregated into terminal much-branched inflorescences.. Stamens 4; filaments up to 3 mm. long in bisexual flowers and 4 mm. long in male flowers, ± pilose, rarely glabrous, sometimes with dorsal glands, alternating with 4 minutely pubescent staminodes 0.5–1 mm. long.. Style recurved or S-shaped.. Fruit pubescent or glabrous, very rugose beneath, with ± 8 longitudinal ribs extending over the upper half or entire length; wings dark brown or blackish, 4–10 cm. long, 2–3(–4) mm. wide at the base, (1–)1.6(–2.2) cm. wide above, minutely pubescent at base but rest glabrous; testa spongy.
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Arbor mediocris, rarius usque ad 30 m alta, rarissime arbuscula; truncus usque ad 1 m crassus; cortex laevis usque squamosus, cinereus vel albus vel fulvus. Folia aut dimorpha, iuniora 3(-5)-lobata, lobis usque medium laminae incisis, vetustiora ovata-lanceata (rarissime reniformia), aut omnia ovato-lanceata, chartacea, rarius (sub)coriacea, nervatura pedata, nervis superioribus lateralibus 2-3 paribus praedita, aut (sub)glabra aut supra laxe, subtus densius sordide-fusco vel cinereo-albo-pubescentia usque tomentosa; 4-25 cm longa, 4-22 cm lata; petioli sulcati, ± canaliculati, 4-18 cm longi. Flores in fasciculis terminalibus aggregati, viridi-fulvi; stamina 4; filamenta ± pilosa, rarius glabra, in floribus hermaphroditi usque ad 3, in [male male] usque ad 4 mm longa, interdum glandulis dorsalibus praedita, staminodiis 4, 1/2-1 mm longis minute pilosis alternantia; stylus recurvus usque sigmoideus. Drupa pubescens vel glabra; exocarpium in dimidia parte inferiore valde rugosum, in dimidio superiore vel totaliter costis ca. 8 longitudinalibus praeditum; alae sordide-fuscae vel nigrescentes, basi 2-3(-4) mm, sursum (10-)16(-22) mm latae, 4-10 cm longae, basi minute pubescentes, ceterum vel totaliter glabrae; testa spongiosa.
Tree 3-30 m high, dbh 20-100 cm, trunk smooth or with coarse scales, pale grey or nearly white. Leaves: petiole 4-19.5 cm long; leaf-blade coriaceous or chartaceous, entire, or in young trees with 3 or 5 acute lobes, cordate to ovate, 7-24 by 4-21 cm, base cordate to broadly rounded to cuneate, apex c. 1 cm acuminate, pubescent on both surfaces or the upper surface glabrous, nerves conspicuous, 3-or 5-palminerved, with ladder-like tertiary veining. Inflorescence (including 3-6 cm long peduncle) 5-17 cm long, the flowers compact, all parts more or less pubescent. Flowers 4-merous, small (mature bud less than 1.5 mm diam.), bisexual and unisexual (only male flowers), pale green or creamy; filaments in female flowers c. 1.5 mm long, in male flowers c. 2 mm long with 4 alternating small glands, 0.5-1 mm long. Fruits: nut ovoid, 1.4-2 by 0.8-1.3 cm, longitudinally 8-ribbed, topped with a pair of spathulate wings, 6.5-9 cm long, 2-3 mm wide at base, 0.8-1.1 cm wide at widest part, resembling those of certain dipterocarps, yellowish green; the whole fruit thinly up to thickly pubescent, seldom glabrous.
Medium-sized dry season deciduous trees. Leaves dimorphic. Juvenile leaves with lamina strongly 3-or 5-lobed. Adult leaves with petiole 2–12 cm long; lamina ovate to broadly ovate or kidney-shaped, often shallowly 3-lobed, sometimes 2-or 5-lobed, acuminate, 5–20 cm long, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, variously hairy with simple hairs to glabrescent. Panicles in upper axils to 30 cm long, becoming pendulous; peduncles 2–12 cm long. Perianth pubescent; lobes c. 1 mm long. Stamens usually 4; filaments usually pilose. Staminodes clavate. Fruit body 8–20 mm long, pilose to glabrescent; wings 2.5–12 cm long, pilose to glabrescent.
Tree, up to 10 m high. Leaves usually 3-lobed at apex. Fruit a bony nut produced into 2 large wings. Flowers white.
Flowers greenish-yellow or cream.
Tree, 25–50 ft. high
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 8.81 - 15.12
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

Dry lowland and lowland forest. Secondary grassland. Evergreen forest and derived secondary forest, grassland with scattered trees; Euphorbia, Pandanus, Ficus association on isolated coralline outcrops; 15-510 metres in E. Africa.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

Uses fuel material medicinal wood
Edible -
Therapeutic use Abdominal pain (bark), Cardiovascular agents (bark), Chest pain (bark), Filariasis (bark), Hypotension (bark), Parasympatholytics (bark), Postnatal care (bark), Spider bites (bark), Furunculosis (leaf), Ache(Stomach) (unspecified), Filariasis (unspecified), Puerperium (unspecified), Edema (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by seedlings.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Gyrocarpus americanus leaf picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)

Distribution

Gyrocarpus americanus world distribution map, present in American Samoa, Australia, Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Fiji, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Mexico, Myanmar, Malaysia, Nicaragua, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, El Salvador, Thailand, Tonga, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Viet Nam, Vanuatu, and South Africa

Conservation status

Gyrocarpus americanus threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:170637-1
WFO ID wfo-0000713868
COL ID 3HYTT
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 447259
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Gyrocarpus asiaticus Gyrocarpus jacquinii Gyrocarpus lobatus Gyrocarpus rugosus Gyrocarpus acuminatus Gyrocarpus americanus Gyrocarpus asiaticus var. javanicus Gyrocarpus asiaticus var. philippinensis Gyrocarpus jacquinii var. javanicus Gyrocarpus americanus var. gaertneri Gyrocarpus americanus var. humboldtii Gyrocarpus americanus var. jacquinii Gyrocarpus americanus var. schiedei Gyrocarpus jacquinii var. schiedei Gyrocarpus jacquinii Gyrocarpus americanus subsp. americanus

Lower taxons

Gyrocarpus americanus subsp. sphenopterus Gyrocarpus americanus subsp. pachyphyllus