Histiopteris incisa (Thunb.) J.Sm.

Batwing fern (en)

Species

Pteridophytes > Polypodiales > Dennstaedtiaceae > Histiopteris

Characteristics

Plants ca. 2 m tall. Rhizome long creeping, robust, to 5 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales castaneous-brown, shiny, lanceolate, thick, often twisted at apex; stipe reddish castaneous, shiny, ca. 1 m × up to 5 mm, terete, basally tuberculate and ± rough, apically glabrous; lamina cinereous-green or light cinereous, adaxially brown-green, 2-or 3-pinnate, triangular or oblong-triangular, 50-100 cm, herbaceous or papery when dried, glabrous; pinnae opposite, spreading or oblique, or distally acroscopically falcate, sessile, lowest pinnules much smaller than next pair, seated like stipules at very base of pinnae; basal pinnae narrowly triangular, often 25-45 × 13-30 cm, basally truncate, 1-pinnate or 2-pinnatipartite, apically acute; pinnules many, opposite, spreading, sessile, basal 1-3 pairs larger, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 10-15 × 3-4 cm, basally rounded-truncate to broadly cuneate, 1-pinnate or pinnatifid at costule, apically long caudate (2.5-4 cm); segments 6-9 pairs, opposite, spreading or slightly decumbent, second pair often larger, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-4 cm × 5-8 mm, segment base usually connate with costule, incision equal to segment width, or slightly wider, entire or pinnatifid up to 1/2, margin undulate, or undulate rounded-serrate, apex obtuse or shortly acuminate; veins reticulate, with regular rows of costal and costular areoles, remaining areoles smaller, conspicuous on both surfaces; rachises and costules shiny, glabrous, slightly grooved adaxially, often changing from reddish brown to brown-straw-colored to straw-colored.
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Rhizome stout, far-creeping, 4-10 mm. diam., densely clad in dark brown narrow subulate-acuminate paleae; stipites distributed. Stipes stout, 15-50-(90) cm. × 3-10 mm., subsucculent, densely paleate at base, glab. above, dark to olive green or blackish in lower portion, lighter above. Rhachis stout, glab., light brown, with distant opp. to subopp. sessile pinnae. Lamina 25-100 × 10-50 cm., deltoid to ovate-lanceolate, membr. to subcoriac., ± glaucous, 2-(3)-pinnate; veins cop., anastomosing to nearly all free. Largest primary pinnae 8-40 × 5-20 cm., ovate-lanceolate, rather distant, opp. or subopp., sessile. Secondary pinnae rather distant, opp., (confluent in distal region of pinna, distantly pinnate .in proximal region) 2-7 cm. × 10-15 mm. Sterile pinnules ovate to oblong, broadly crenately lobed to subentire; fertile pinnules narrower, triangular, entire or obscurely lobed, attached by widened base, often subfalcate. Sori us. cop., extended along margins but not reaching tips of segs, without true indusium. Occ. fronds of much larger dimensions are met with.
Rhizome subterranean, c. 5 mm in diameter, set with a dense felt of brown multicellular hairs. Fronds erect to arching with pinnae held horizontally, 1-2 (3) m tall; stipe castaneous, labrous, up to 0.6 m long; lamina pinnatifid to-pinnatifid, broadly lanceolate to ovate-deltate in outline, acute, up to 0.4 x 0.19 m, basal pinna segments auriculate and developed very close to rhachis; ultimate lobes oblong, acute to obtuse, adnate, entire to sinuate, glaucous when fresh; rhachis reddish brown to pale brown nearer apex, terete, glabrous. Sori linear or rarely lunulate, up to 1 mm broad at maturity, borne along margins of ultimate lobes (lobes frequently with sterile apices); indusium membranous, entire.
Stipe and rachis chestnut-brown at base, but mostly yellow-brown, glabrous except for basal scales, glossy; stipe 15–120 cm long, 5–10 mm diam. Lamina 30–c. 200 cm long, 15–c. 100 cm wide, ovate, 3-or 4-pinnate at base. Primary pinnae in opposite pairs; longest 13–60 cm long, 7–35 cm wide, arising at narrow angles, sessile. Secondary pinnae opposite, arising at wide angles; longest 4–20 cm long, 2–9 cm wide, with basal pair sometimes reduced to stipules. Tertiary pinnae opposite; longest 10–45 mm long, 6–15 mm wide, sometimes divided into quaternary pinnae. Ultimate pinnules adnate to midribs; margins entire or crenate; apices obtuse. Spores pale, tuberculate. [See also Green (1994: 586).]
Rhizome widely creeping, up to 5 mm in diam., sparsely scaled. Fronds spaced, arching, up to 2 m long. Stipe glabrous, up to 600 mm long, up to 5 mm in diam. Lamina broadly lanceolate, pinnatifid to 2-pinnatifid, up to 1.3 x 0.8 m. Pinnae near opposite, sessile; proximal pinnae segments auriculate and developed close to rachis; ultimate lobes oblong, entire to sinuate. Sori linear, along margins of ultimate lobes. Indusium entire.
Rhizomatous perennial, rhizome widely creeping. Fronds arching, to 3 m long, stipe glabrous, lamina pinnatifid to 2-pinnatifid, broadly lanceolate, proximal pinnae segments auriculate and developed close to the rachis, ultimate lobes oblong, entire to sinuate. Sori linear along margins of ultimate lobes, indusium entire.
Rhizome creeping, set with brown hairs. Veins anastomosing freely. Fronds glabrous and glaucous. Indusium formed from reflexed margin of lamina. Lamina 2-or 3-pinnatifid, up to 0.4 x 0.19 m. Sori marginal, continuous, with paraphyses.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention -
Sexuality -
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 2.0
Root system rhizome
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color -
Blooming months -
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

Along creekbeds and in clearings in rainforest and wet eucalypt forest, or on forest margins, roadside verges, in drains and swamps, among boulders or in shaded rocky crevices in more open sites; generally in disturbed areas.
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Open ground from near sea level to 4, 000 ft.
Light -
Soil humidity 3-5
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

Uses -
Edible -
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Mode -
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Histiopteris incisa leaf picture by Schnittler Martin (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Histiopteris incisa fruit picture by Schnittler Martin (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Histiopteris incisa world distribution map, present in Angola, American Samoa, Australia, Burundi, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Bhutan, Chile, China, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Congo, Cook Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, Ecuador, Micronesia (Federated States of), Gabon, Guinea, Guadeloupe, Equatorial Guinea, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Indonesia, India, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Liberia, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Mexico, Myanmar, Northern Mariana Islands, Mauritius, Malawi, Malaysia, Nicaragua, Nepal, New Zealand, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Puerto Rico, Réunion, Rwanda, Singapore, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Solomon Islands, Sierra Leone, El Salvador, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Thailand, Tonga, Taiwan, Province of China, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, United States of America, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Viet Nam, Vanuatu, Samoa, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17119990-1
WFO ID wfo-0001107320
COL ID 6M8GY
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 448019
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Pteris cruciata Pteris morrenhouttiana Pteris patens Litobrochia brunoniana Pteris brunoniana Pteris discolor Pteris pallida Litobrochia appendiculata Litobrochia elegans Litobrochia patens Pteris moerenhoutii Pteris montana Pteris lessonii Litobrochia incisa Pteris glaucescens Histiopteris incisa Pteris aurita Histiopteris aurita Pellaea fauriei Litobrochia vespertilionis Litobrochia aurita Pteris australasica Pteris elegans Histiopteris vespertilionis Pteris vespertilionis Pteris incisa Histiopteris montana Pteris incisa f. rugosa Litobrochia pallida Phegopteris incisa Histiopteris incisa var. carmichaeliana Histiopteris incisa var. flavescens Histiopteris incisa var. pallida Litobrochia elegans var. brasiliensis Pteris elegans var. brasiliensis Pteris incisa var. gigantea Pteris vespertilionis var. carmichaeliana

Lower taxons

Histiopteris incisa var. seramensis