Hydnora abyssinica A.Br.

Species

Angiosperms > Piperales > Aristolochiaceae > Hydnora

Characteristics

Subterranean root parasite. Plant body (‘branch’) rhizome-like, simple or with widely spreading horizontal branches, fleshy, irregularly shaped, to 1 m long, to 10 cm wide, somewhat flattened, brown outside, brick-red or reddish pink to white inside, with sticky, astringent exudate when fresh, side branches cylindrical or nearly so,1.7–4 cm in diameter, densely covered with small warts and with flower buds on the upper surface.. Flowers emerging directly from the main and side branches, remaining partially below ground and partially emerging, solitary or in groups, but only one per branch emergence point (?), with very foetid smell; pedicel absent or up to 2.5 cm long.. Perianth fleshy-coriaceous, (8?–)11–25(–33) cm long; tube 4-sided to terete, reddish brown and smooth outside, pinkish to ivory white inside, 4.8–14(–19) cm long (depending on depth of rhizome), 3–5.5 cm in diameter; lobes (2?–3–)4(–6), emergent from ground, either (?in dry weather or in early stage) erect and connivent by the thickened tips with only side vents open, or (?in moist weather or at a later stage) spread and flat on ground, lanceolate to spatulate, thickly fleshy, 4–9(–14) cm long, 1.7–3.8 cm wide, broadly channelled on the inside, lower 1/3 to 2/3 of margins bright red, turning pink or cream/yellow, to 10–13 mm wide, densely setose with broad-based tapering white setae 1–7 mm long, lobe tips (‘cucullus’) thickened, triangular in cross-section, apricot or cream to white, 2.6–5 cm long and 1.6–2 cm wide, grooved outside, the two inside facets glabrous and cushion-like.. Stamens as many as the lobes, with 2 large anthers, 2.5–3.4 cm long, 2–2.5 cm wide, anthers inserted 5–8(–10.5) cm above the base of tube (approximately mid-way), continuously joined at their bases in a series of inverted V-shapes forming a wavy cream, yellow or orange ring with the top (30–)43–102 mm above the flower base, this transversely striate and divided into numerous horizontal pollen sacs; pollen sticky, adhering to the anthers.. Ovary unilocular, subglobose, 22–28(–45) mm in diameter with numerous infolded patent placentas; stigma sessile, cushion-shaped, pink, 3–4(–5)-lobed, each lobe finely ribbed and covered with clear or brown syrupy liquid when fresh.. Fruit entirely subterranean, fleshy, globose, 10–15 cm in diameter, many-seeded, often splitting irregularly at maturity; outer periderm scaly; inner pericarp mealy, white; seeds brown, oblong to globose, 1–1.8 mm long.. Fig. 1 & 2. (p. 2 & 4).
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A subterranean root parasite. The plant-body rhizome-like, verrucose, up to c. 10 cm wide, ± irregular in shape and somewhat flattened, simple or with widely spreading horizontal branches, firmly-fleshy, brick-red inside, containing mucilage ducts, with sticky exudate when fresh, rich in tannins. Branches ± terete and densely covered with small conical warts. Flowers emerging directly from the 'rhizome' and branches, remaining partially below ground, solitary or several remotely scattered. Perianth fleshy-coriaceous, 5-25 cm long, tube 3-4 cm in diameter, brown and roughly corky outside, pinkish inside. Perianth lobes usually 4, appearing above ground, fully patent in wet weather and lying on the soil surface, otherwise connivent or even connate at the tip, 6-8 cm long, lanceolate, thickly fleshy, broadly channelled and glandular on the inside; the lobe tips (cucullus) ± thickened, triangular in cross-section or grooved outside, the adjacent cucullus faces glabrous and cushion-like; the margins below the lobe-tips broad and beset with subulate setae. Anthers continuously joined at their bases in a series of large inverted 'V's forming a wavy ring, the anther structure transversally striate and divided into very numerous horizontal pollen sacs; pollen sticky, adhering to the anthers. Ovary unilocular, with numerous infolded, pendant placentas. Stigma sessile, cushion-shaped, 3-4(5)-lobed; each lobe finely ribbed and covered with a brown liquid in living material. Fruit entirely subterranean, fleshy, 10-15 cm in diameter, globose, many-seeded, often splitting irregularly at maturity. Outer layer of fruit a scaly periderm; inner pericarp mealy, white, very sweet to taste. Seeds brown, 1-1.77 mm, oblong to globose. Seedlings unknown.
A herb. It grows on other plants. It usually grows on Acacia roots. It grows underground. It is a parasite growing on the roots of Lannea fulva (Engl.) Engl. (Anacardiaceae) and Acacia mellifera. It grows 10-15 cm high. It lacks leaves. It has runner like roots or rhizomes that are thick, hard and dark brown. The flowers are the only part visible above ground. They are brown and scaly and covered with coarse bristles. The flower buds turn rusty red on exposure to the air as they emerge from the ground. The flowers are 15 cm long. They have a bad smell and attract beetles. There are underground stems or rhizomes. The fruit are produced underground. The seeds are embedded in a pulp.
Perianth lobes usually 4, appearing above ground, fully patent in wet weather and lying on the soil surface, otherwise connivent or even connate at the tip, 6–8 cm long, lanceolate, thickly fleshy, broadly channelled and glandular on the inside; the lobe tips (cucullus) ± thickened, triangular in cross-section or grooved outside, the adjacent cucullus faces glabrous and cushion-like; the margins below the lobe-tips broad and beset with subulate setae.
The plant-body rhizome-like, verrucose, up to c. 10 cm wide, ± irregular in shape and somewhat flattened, simple or with widely spreading horizontal branches, firmly-fleshy, brick-red inside, containing mucilage ducts, with sticky exudate when fresh, rich in tannins.
Anthers continuously joined at their bases in a series of large inverted “V”s forming a wavy ring, the anther structure transversally striate and divided into very numerous horizontal pollen sacs; pollen sticky, adhering to the anthers.
Flowers emerging directly from the “rhizome” and branches, remaining partially below ground, solitary or several remotely scattered.
Stigma sessile, cushion-shaped, 3–4(5)-lobed; each lobe finely ribbed and covered with a brown liquid in living material.
Fruit entirely subterranean, fleshy, 10–15 cm in diameter, globose, many-seeded, often splitting irregularly at maturity.
Perianth fleshy-coriaceous, 5–25 cm long, tube 3–4 cm in diameter, brown and roughly corky outside, pinkish inside.
Outer layer of fruit a scaly periderm; inner pericarp mealy, white, very sweet to taste.
Branches ± terete and densely covered with small conical warts.
Ovary unilocular, with numerous infolded, pendant placentas.
Seeds brown, 1–1.77 mm, oblong to globose.
A subterranean root parasite.
Seedlings unknown.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support parasite
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 0.1 - 0.15
Root system rhizome
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color -
Blooming months -
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

It is a tropical plant. It grows in peat and organic soils. It can grow in arid places. It occurs in woodland and grassland up to 1,500 m above sea level in Tasmania. It grows in areas with a rainfall between 700-1,600 mm.
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Grasslands, Acacia bushland and woodlands, at elevations up to 1,500 metres. It is parasitic on roots, especially on Acacia gerrardii and Lannea humilis.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture 1-8
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 8-12

Usage

The flowers are eaten raw and also cooked. The fruit are eaten raw and used as a vegetable. The root tubers are eaten raw. The fruit occurs underground and the pulp is eaten. The shoot of the underground stem is eaten raw.
Uses animal food environmental use food fuel gene source material medicinal
Edible flowers fruits roots seeds shoots stems
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

It can be grown by cuttings of the underground stem.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Flower

Hydnora abyssinica flower picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)
Hydnora abyssinica flower picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)
Hydnora abyssinica flower picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Hydnora abyssinica world distribution map, present in Botswana, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Oman, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Somalia, eSwatini, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, South Africa, and Zimbabwe

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:316038-1
WFO ID wfo-0000726153
COL ID 3MZTN
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN)
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Hydnora michaelis Hydnora ruspolii Hydnora solmsiana Hydnora aethiopica Hydnora angolensis Hydnora bogosensis Hydnora cornii Hydnora gigantea Hydnora hanningtonii Hydnora johannis Hydnora abyssinica var. quinquefida Hydnora gigantea var. trimera Hydnora johannis var. quinquefida Hydnora johannis var. gigantea Hydnora johannis f. trimera Hydnora johannis f. quinquefida Hydnora abyssinica