Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.

East african copal (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Fabales > Fabaceae > Hymenaea

Characteristics

Tree up to 24(-40) m tall. Stipules narrowly elliptic, c. 20 by 4-6 mm. Leaf petiole 8-18 mm; petiolules twisted, 3-5 mm. Leaflets coriaceous, ovate to elliptic, oblong-elliptic, or broadly falcate, 3.5-12.5 by 2-7 cm; apex obtusely pointed to shortly acuminate; base asymmetric, oblique, more or less obtuse or rounded; glabrous or subglabrous on both surfaces. Inflorescences paniculate, up to 35 cm long, often much shorter and few-flowered, branchlets and pedicels densely and shortly pubescent; bracts and bracteoles ovate or orbicular; pedicels 2-9 mm, articulate at base. Flowers small, white. Hypanthium 1.5-2 mm long. Calyx lobes ovate, 7-11 by 4-6 mm, densely appressed, puberulous outside, silvery sericeous inside. Petals clawed and subequal, the larger ones 15-20 mm long (incl. the narrowly linear claw), limb broadly ovate or suborbiculate, 8-10 mm in diam., sometimes 2 petals minute and scale-like. Stamens unequal, up to c. 25 mm. Ovary slightly stipitate, densely hirsute at base, more or less glabrous above, 4-ovuled. Pods ovoid-oblong, ellipsoid-oblong, or obovoid, 2.5-5 by 1.5-3 cm, coarsely verrucose-rugose, reddish to dark brown, resiniferous, 1-3-seeded. Seeds ellipsoid, 13-18 by 9-12 mm, dark brown.
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Trees, 6-24 m tall. Branchlets grayish white. Petiolules ca. 3 mm; leaflets ovate-oblong, asymmetric, 5-8(-12) × 2.5-5 cm, both surfaces glabrous, base obliquely rounded, apex acute. Inflorescences panicles; bracts and bracteoles deciduous, ovate or orbicular. Flowers small. Calyx tube expanded and turbinate in upper part; lobes 7-11 mm, outside densely adpressed pu­berulent, inside densely white silky. Petals unequal in size, up­permost inner 3 larger, suborbicular, clawed, other 2 small, scaly, or sometimes 5 subequal and all clawed. Ovary shortly stalked, densely strigose at base. Legume blackish brown, slightly compressed, obovoid, 3-4.2 cm, tuberculate. Fl. Sep-Nov, fr. next May-Jun.
Leaves unijugate; stipules tiny, triangular with ciliate margins, early caducous; petiole 1.2–3 cm long, glabrous; leaflets 5.3–10.5 × 2.8–5.5 cm, ovate-elliptic, asymmetric, the inner margin weakly curved, cuneate at the base, the outer strongly curved and cuneate to subcordate at the base, apex bluntly acuminate, glabrous; midrib distinct, venation prominulous on both surfaces, resin vesicles (dark spots) scattered in the areolae beneath.
A tree. It grows 20-40 m tall. The leaves are alternate and the leaflets are unequal. The flowers are in a panicle. They are small and white. The fruit is a pod. It is reddish brown. There are 1-3 seeds.
Inflorescences axillary and terminal, paniculate; axis terete, densely to sparsely appressed-pubescent, glabrescent; bracts and bracteoles c.2.5 mm in diameter, subcircular, concave, very early caducous.
Pod c.5 × 3 cm, ovoid to ellipsoidal, glabrous except for a ring of hairs at the extreme base, with numerous superficial resin-filled vesicles, 1–3-seeded, indehiscent.
Ovary 4-ovulate, oblong, c.3 × 2 mm, pilose; stipe very short, densely spreading-hairy at the apex, glabrous below; style c.6 mm long, glabrous, stigma capitate.
Petals 5; the three upper ones white, clawed, the limb c.9 × 8 mm, suborbicular, the claw c.10 mm long; the two lower ones minute, c.1.5 mm long, oblong.
Calyx lobes 4, c.10 × 5–7 mm, broadly elliptic to obovate, densely pubescent outside, densely sericeous inside.
Seed dark brown, shiny, c.20 × 12 mm, ellipsoidal, enclosed in the cream-coloured mealy endocarp.
Large tree (or occasionally a shrub) to at least 20 m, with broad crown.
Stamens 10; filaments 12–14 mm long, glabrous; anthers dorsifixed.
Young branchlets pale brown, lenticellate, glabrous.
Flowers c.15 mm long; pedicels 5–7 mm long, terete.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 15.0 - 24.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

On or near the coast in dry evergreen forest, woodland and evergreen bushland, usually at elevations below 100 metres, but sometimes up to 240 metres.
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It is a tropical plant. It grows in dry evergreen forest near the coast. It grows up to 100 m above sea level. In Brisbane Botanical gardens.
Light 7-9
Soil humidity 1-6
Soil texture 1-4
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-12

Usage

UsesSee under the genus.
Uses charcoal environmental use material medicinal resin varnish wood
Edible arils fruits seeds
Therapeutic use Astringent (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Wound (unspecified), Emmenagogue (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from seeds.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment soaking
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Hymenaea verrucosa leaf picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Hymenaea verrucosa world distribution map, present in China, Ghana, Indonesia, India, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Malaysia, Mayotte, Réunion, Seychelles, Taiwan, Province of China, and Tanzania, United Republic of

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:498815-1
WFO ID wfo-0000168651
COL ID 3NHKN
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 706399
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Hymenaea verrucosa Trachylobium verrucosum Trachylobium hornemannianum Trachylobium gaertnerianum Trachylobium lamarckeanum Trachylobium mossambicense Hymenaea gaertneriana Hymenaea hayneana Hymenaea hornemanniana Hymenaea lamarckiana