Iris pseudacorus L.

Paleyellow iris (en), Iris jaune (fr), Iris des marais (fr), Iris faux acore (fr), Flambe d'eau (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Asparagales > Iridaceae > Iris

Characteristics

Rhizomes pink, freely branching, producing extensive clumps, 2–3 cm diam., with fibrous remains of old leaves; roots fleshy. Stems usually 1-branched, solid, 7–15 dm. Leaves: basal deciduous, at first erect, then recurved, blade dark green, with prominent median thickening, 4–10 dm × 2–3 cm, slightly glaucous basally; cauline equaling inflorescence unit. Inflorescence units 4–12-flowered; spathes green with brown margins, outer spathe strongly keeled, inner without keel, 6–9 cm, subequal, margins not scarious. Flowers: perianth bright yellow; floral tube 0.6–0.8 cm, with no constriction into ovary; sepals bright yellow or cream colored, lanceolate to ovate or suborbiculate, 5–7.5 × 3–4 cm, base abruptly attenuate, claw ca. 1/2 length of limb, signal a darker yellow basal patch limited by short, brown lines; petals without veining, lanceolate to spatulate, 2–3 cm; ovary triangular in cross section with concave sides and narrow groove at each angle, 1.5 cm; style keeled, 3–4 cm, crests spreading, 1–1.2 cm, laciniate at apex; stigmas rounded with prominent tongue; pedicel 2.5–7 cm. Capsules prismatic to oblong-ovoid, obscurely 3-angled with obvious groove at each angle, 3.5–6 cm, beak 5 mm. Seeds D-shaped, flattened, 6–7 mm, corky, lustrous. 2n = 34.
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Clumps very leafy, many-flowered, to 1 m high, dark green, ± glaucous, purple at base. Rhizome c. 3 cm diam., reddish-brown. Leaves c. = stems, 2-3 cm wide, cross-veinlets apparent when leaf is held up to light, midrib distinct. Stems terete, with several long leaves. Inflorescence usually branched, central axis and each branch terminated by 2-5-flowered clusters. Flowers to 12 cm diam., yellowish, varying from golden-orange to very pale cream, without scent; pedicels long, stout, > ovary; tube funnel-shaped, ± ½ length of ovary; outer segments 7 cm long, oval-oblong, limb c. 4 cm wide, very drooping, abruptly narrowed to dark brown-veined claw; inner segments c. 3 cm long, shorter and narrower but more erect than style-branches. Style-branches oblong, bifid crest fimbriate. Capsule c. 5 × 2 cm, oblong-elliptic, beaked; seeds brown, ± trigonous.
Lvs stiff and erect, broadly ensiform from densely crowded rhizomes; stem 0.5–1 m, shorter than or equaling the lvs; fls 7–9 cm wide, bright yellow or cream-color; sep spreading, the crest area outlined by an irregular series of brown markings; pet erect, ligulate, constricted at the middle, 1–2.5 cm, unmarked; capsule 6-angled, cylindric-prismatic to ellipsoid, 5–8.5 cm, the valves widely spreading at maturity; 2n=24–34. Swamps and shallow water along streams and ponds; native of Europe, and widely established in our range. Apr.–June.
A perennial plant. It grows 90-150 cm high and 30-45 cm wide. It is a beardless iris. It has rhizomes. The leaves are blue-green. They are strong and stiff and sword shaped. They are 2.5 cm wide and 1 m long. The flowers are yellow. They are 8-9 cm across. They have brown veins which radiate out and an orange spot near the throat. The seeds are flat and float.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread hydrochory
Mature width (meter) 1.5
Mature height (meter) 1.0 - 1.5
Root system fibrous-root rhizome
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a temperate plant. It is frost hardy. It flourishes in marshy ground and shallow water. It will grow in water 15-23 cm deep. It suits hardiness zones 6-10.
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Damp marshy areas, swampy woods and in shallow water or wet ground on the edges of rivers and ditches. Often found in shady places.
Light 4-9
Soil humidity 2-9
Soil texture 1-5
Soil acidity 3-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 5-8

Usage

The peeled and dried rhizome is used for flavouring. The seeds are roasted and used for coffee. The starch of the root is a famine food used for extending bread flour, after removal of the bitter element.
Uses coffee substitute dye environmental use essential oil food material medicinal poison
Edible rhizomes roots seeds
Therapeutic use Anticonvulsants (root), Antineoplastic agents (seed), Liver neoplasms (seed), Diarrhea (unspecified), Leucorrhea (unspecified), Astringents (unspecified), Cathartics (unspecified), Diuretics (unspecified), Dysmenorrhea (unspecified), Leukorrhea (unspecified), Liver diseases (unspecified), General tonic for rejuvenation (unspecified)
Human toxicity toxic (leaf)
Animal toxicity toxic (leaf)

Cultivation

Plants grow easily from seeds. They can also be grown from rhizomes.
Mode divisions seedlings
Germination duration (days) 30 - 545
Germination temperacture (C°) 16 - 21
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment stratification
Minimum temperature (C°) -29
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Iris pseudacorus habit picture by Massimo D'Angelo (cc-by-sa)
Iris pseudacorus habit picture by David Hocken (cc-by-sa)
Iris pseudacorus habit picture by Tomaž Jančar (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Iris pseudacorus leaf picture by John Koman (cc-by-sa)
Iris pseudacorus leaf picture by Joachim Martinez (cc-by-sa)
Iris pseudacorus leaf picture by angelo (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Iris pseudacorus flower picture by Jean-Luc Durand (cc-by-sa)
Iris pseudacorus flower picture by Кирилюк Ксения (cc-by-sa)
Iris pseudacorus flower picture by alex andre (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Iris pseudacorus fruit picture by Mevi (cc-by-sa)
Iris pseudacorus fruit picture by bluebart (cc-by-sa)
Iris pseudacorus fruit picture by Mevi (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Iris pseudacorus world distribution map, present in Åland Islands, Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Belarus, Canada, Switzerland, Colombia, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Algeria, Spain, Finland, France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Indonesia, Ireland, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Morocco, Malaysia, Nicaragua, Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, Palau, Poland, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Sweden, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tunisia, Ukraine, and United States of America

Conservation status

Iris pseudacorus threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:438992-1
WFO ID wfo-0000783754
COL ID 3PZZR
BDTFX ID 35960
INPN ID 103772
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Acorus adulterinus Iris acoriformis Iris bastardii Iris curtopetala Iris flava Iris pallidior Iris paludosa Iris palustris Vieusseuxia iridioides Xiphion acoroides Iris acoroides Iris sativa Moraea candolleana Xyridion pseudacorus Xyridion acoroideum Iris pseudacorus f. nyaradyana Iris pseudacorus f. longiacuminata Iris pseudacorus f. submersa Iris curtopetala Iris palustris Limniris pseudoacorus Limnirion pseudacorus Pseudo-iris palustris Xiphion pseudoacorus Iris lutea Iris pseudacorus var. acoroides Iris pseudacorus var. bastardii Iris pseudacorus var. acoriformis Iris pseudacorus subsp. bastardii Iris pseudacorus subsp. acoriformis Iris pseudacorus var. ochroleuca Iris pseudacorus var. citrina Iris pseudacorus var. longifolia Iris pseudacorus