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Perennials, 50-100 cm tall. Stems erect, apically branched, glabrous. Leaves alternate; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-3.5 X 0.8-1 cm, glabrous, distinctly 3-veined. Inflorescences paniculate, with few to numerous flowers, glabrous except for corolla. Pedicel 3-5 mm, shorter than bracts. Calyx lobes narrowly lanceolate, 5-6 mm. Corolla pale yellow, 1.1-1.2 cm (excluding spur); spur 7-12 mm, slightly curved; tube wide; lower lip with whitish yellow pubescence in throat, lobes ovate, ca. 4 mm wide; apex of upper lip lobes acuminate. Capsule globose, as long as or slightly longer than calyx, 5-6 mm in diam. Seeds brown-gray, 3-angled, edges narrowly winged, reticulate-rugose. Fl. Jul.
Perennial herb, up to 1 m high; stems erect, often from basal runners, branched in upper parts, leafy, glabrous. Leaves alternate, ± erect, stiff, ovate to linear-lanceolate, up to 60 x 15 mm, acute, sessile, entire, often bluish green, glabrous. Flowers single in axillary terminal, bracteate, glabrous racemes up to 200 mm long; bright lemon-yellow; pedicellate. Calyx up to 12 mm long; lobes ± equal. Corolla up to 22 mm long; tube up to 6 mm wide at mouth, bilabiate. Spur conical, 4-25 mm long, acute. Flowering time Mar. Seeds flattened tetrahedral, rugulose, mainly black.
Perennial herb, 0.2-0.9 m high. Stems erect, branched, glabrous. Leaves opposite below, becoming alternate towards apex; sessile, clasping at base; blade linear to ovate, up to 25-45 x 15-32 mm, 6-12 x as long as wide, apex acute, base truncate, margins entire. Flowers: in terminal racemes, up to 0.2 m long; bracts and petioles ± equal in length; spur straight, up to 25 mm long, acute, corolla tube up to 22 mm long, > 6 mm wide at mouth; corolla yellow, palate usually orange, bearded; Nov.-Mar. Seeds not winged.
Colonial perennial, much like no. 2 [Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill.], but the lvs narrower, lanceolate, tapering gradually to the pungent tip, and the fls smaller, 1.5–2.3 cm overall; 2n=12. Native of Europe, occasionally intr. in waste places in our range.
