Linnaea borealis L.

Twinflower (en), Linnée boréale (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Dipsacales > Caprifoliaceae > Linnaea

Characteristics

Subshrubs, creeping, evergreen, 5-10 cm tall. Stem long, slender, sparsely shortly pubescent. Petiole 3-4 mm; leaf blade orbicular to obovate, abaxially glabrous, adaxially sparsely pubescent, margin with 1-3 pairs of rounded teeth. Flowers fragrant, nodding; main peduncles 60-70 mm; inflorescence bracts linear, shortly pubescent; inflorescence peduncles less than 10 mm. Sepals shortly pubescent, narrowly acute, deciduous in fruit. Corolla white to pink, to 10 mm; tube glabrous outside, pubescent inside. Stigmas capitate. Achenes nodding, yellow, orbicular. Fl. and fr. Jul-Aug. 2n = 32.
More
Stems trailing and creeping, emitting numerous short, suberect, leafy branches to 10 cm, these with a slender terminal peduncle to 10 cm; lvs firm, short-petioled, broadly oval to obovate, 1–2 cm; fls nodding; cor pink to white, 10–15 mm, shallowly 5-lobed, flaring from near the top of the cal, hairy inside; 2n=32. Moist or dry woods and cold bogs; circumpolar, s. in Amer. to N.J., W.Va., n. Ind., Minn., and Calif. June–Aug. Our plants are var. longiflora Torr. (L. americana)
An evergreen herb. It has a sweet scent. The leaves are opposite and simple. They have short leaf stalks. The leaves are broadly oval and small. They are 9-14 mm wide. The flowers are pink and 9 mm long. They occur in pairs. The fruit are small and dry and sticky. There are tiny hooked bristles.
Life form perennial
Growth form
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread endozoochory
Mature width (meter) 0.75 - 1.0
Mature height (meter) 0.18 - 0.2
Root system fibrous-root
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a temperate plant. It grows in open, cool, conifer forest in the Rocky Mountains. It grows in north China in conifer forests an trunk and mossy rocks between 700-2,300 m above sea level. It suits hardiness zones 6-9.
More
Woods, especially pine, and in the shade of rocks to elevations of 725 metres in N. Britain.
Light 3-6
Soil humidity 5-7
Soil texture 2-5
Soil acidity 2-4
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 3-7

Usage

Uses medicinal
Edible leaves
Therapeutic use Orthopedic Aid (unspecified), Analgesic (unspecified), Pediatric Aid (unspecified), Psychological Aid (unspecified), Unspecified (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by cuttings or seedlings.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -40
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Linnaea borealis habit picture by Emanuele Santarelli (cc-by-sa)
Linnaea borealis habit picture by Terje Norli (cc-by-sa)
Linnaea borealis habit picture by Terje Norli (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Linnaea borealis leaf picture by ellura (cc-by-sa)
Linnaea borealis leaf picture by Noel Benson (cc-by-sa)
Linnaea borealis leaf picture by philippe caprasse (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Linnaea borealis flower picture by Malyshev Egor (cc-by-sa)
Linnaea borealis flower picture by Bjørn Holberg (cc-by-sa)
Linnaea borealis flower picture by hilde decuypere hilde decuypere (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Linnaea borealis world distribution map, present in Austria, Belarus, Canada, Switzerland, China, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Georgia, Greenland, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Liberia, Lithuania, Latvia, Mongolia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Romania, Russian Federation, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Ukraine, United States of America, and South Africa

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:140689-2
WFO ID wfo-0000358023
COL ID 72HMH
BDTFX ID 39354
INPN ID 106260
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Linnaea australis Linnaea jugosa Linnaea subjugosa Linnaea vicina Linnaea subsulcata Linnaea subconfluens Linnaea roseoalba Linnaea longiflora Linnaea parvisignata Linnaea pseudoproterantha Linnaea pyrrosema Linnaea subviolascens Linnaea rotundata Linnaea borealis f. arctica Linnaea foveolata Linnaea amoenula Linnaea albiloba Linnaea sulcata Linnaea tenuiflora Linnaea tenuisignata Linnaea tenuisulcata Linnaea americana f. candicans Linnaea borealis var. borealis Linnaea borealis subsp. borealis Linnaea borealis

Lower taxons

Linnaea borealis subsp. longiflora