Lithospermum officinale L.

European stoneseed (en), Grémil officinal (fr), Herbe aux perles (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Boraginales > Boraginaceae > Lithospermum

Characteristics

Herbs perennial; most parts short strigose. Roots containing little purple dye when young. Stems usually single, erect, to 1 m tall, frequently much branched at apex. Leaves sessile, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 3-8 × 0.5-1.5 cm, base cuneate to attenuate, apex short acuminate; veins prominent abaxially, more densely strigose along veins. Inflorescences on upper stems and branches, to 15 cm in fruit; bracts similar to leaves but smaller. Calyx lobes linear, ca. 5-7 mm in fruit. Corolla white or pale yellow, 4-6 mm; tube ca. 2 × as long as limb; throat with 5 trapeziform, densely short pubescent appendages ca. 0.4 mm; lobes of limb erect, oblong-ovate, ca. 1.5 mm, margin undulate. Stamens inserted at middle of corolla tube; filaments ca. 0.4 mm; anthers ca. 1.2 mm. Stigma capitate. Nutlets white or yellowish brown, ovoid, ca. 3 mm, smooth, shiny, concave adaxially with center line forming a longitudinal groove. Fl. and fr. Jun-Aug. 2n = 28, 56.
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Erect, usually much branched perennial to 1 m, the principal internodes usually less than 2 cm; lvs subsessile, lanceolate to oblong or oblanceolate, 6–15(–20) mm wide, gradually acute, with 2 or 3 conspicuous lateral veins on each side; fls solitary in the crowded upper axils, 3–15 mm apart at maturity, white or nearly so, 4–5 mm; cal-lobes nearly as long as the cor; nutlets ovoid, 3–3.5 mm, white to pale brown, shining, smooth or sparsely pitted; 2n=28. Native of Eurasia, intr. as a weed of waste places from Que. to Minn., s. to N.J. and Ill. May–Aug.
A herb. It keeps growing from year to year. It grows 80 cm tall. The stems are usually branched. The leaves are 6-7 cm long by 1-2 cm wide. They are broadly sword shaped. The flowers have short stalks and leafy bracts. The fruit are nutlets 3-4 mm long.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention -
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread barochory
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 0.78 - 0.8
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a temperate plant. It can grow in a range of soils. It is best with moist, well-drained soil. It grows on meadow slopes and the edges of forests in north China. In Argentina it grows at 800 m above sea level. It is hardy to hardiness zone 6.
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Hedges, bushy places and woodland borders, usually on basic soil.
Light 4-9
Soil humidity 4-6
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity 6-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 6-8

Usage

The leaves are used as a substitute for tea.
Uses dye medicinal tea
Edible leaves
Therapeutic use Hypnotics and sedatives (leaf), Anti-inflammatory agents (root), Measles (root), Smallpox (root), Diuretic (seed), Pediatric Aid (seed), Diuretics (seed), Urinary bladder calculi (seed), Measles (stem), Smallpox (stem), Anodyne (unspecified), Antidote (unspecified), Antigonadotrophic (unspecified), Bladder (unspecified), Blood (unspecified), Contraceptive (unspecified), Depurative (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Eruption (unspecified), Gout (unspecified), Itch (unspecified), Kidney (unspecified), Litholytic (unspecified), Lithontriptic (unspecified), Measles (unspecified), Sedative (unspecified), Skin (unspecified), Smallpox (unspecified), Tea (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Stone (unspecified), Abdominal pain (unspecified), Urinary bladder calculi (unspecified), Gonadotropins (whole plant)
Human toxicity toxic (unknown strength) (whole)
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown by seeds. They can also be grown by cuttings and division.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Lithospermum officinale habit picture by Frédérique Berato (cc-by-sa)
Lithospermum officinale habit picture by chris dorelet (cc-by-sa)
Lithospermum officinale habit picture by Jean-Luc Tutakowski (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Lithospermum officinale leaf picture by Francois Mansour (cc-by-sa)
Lithospermum officinale leaf picture by Radoslav Marinkovic (cc-by-sa)
Lithospermum officinale leaf picture by Gerrit Busser (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Lithospermum officinale flower picture by Francois Mansour (cc-by-sa)
Lithospermum officinale flower picture by Thibaut Durr (cc-by-sa)
Lithospermum officinale flower picture by Katrin Hauser (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Lithospermum officinale fruit picture by claude lerat -gentet Mme (cc-by-sa)
Lithospermum officinale fruit picture by Maxime Fontaine (cc-by-sa)
Lithospermum officinale fruit picture by Antoine le Clercq (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Lithospermum officinale world distribution map, present in Afghanistan, Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Belarus, Bhutan, Canada, Switzerland, China, Colombia, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Spain, Estonia, Finland, France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Georgia, Greece, Croatia, Hungary, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Nepal, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Ukraine, United States of America, Uzbekistan, and South Africa

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:118163-1
WFO ID wfo-0000361802
COL ID 3VLFW
BDTFX ID 39542
INPN ID 106396
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Lithospermum majus Lithospermum ochroleucum Margarospermum officinale Lithospermum officinale var. stewartii Lithospermum officinale