Microlepia speluncae (L.) T.Moore

Limpleaf fern (en)

Species

Pteridophytes > Polypodiales > Dennstaedtiaceae > Microlepia

Characteristics

Plants terrestrial. Rhizome subterranean or epigeal, wide-creeping, irregularly branched, set with roots, widely spaced persistent stipe bases and hairs, the hairs ferrugineous, simple, pluricellular, uniseriate, to 2.8 mm long. Fronds spaced, to 35 mm apart, erect, to 2.07 m long; stipe firm, proximally castaneus, stramineous to greenish higher up, terete, to 475 mm long, to 7 mm in diameter, closely set with hairs similar to, but shorter than, those on the rhizome; lamina anadromous, ovate to oblong-ovate, to 3-pinnate-pinnatifid, to 2.6 m long, to 1 m wide, the basal 1 to 2 pinna pairs reduced or not, with up to 25 pinna pairs; rachis and lower order axes stramineous, shallowly sulcate adaxially, sulci not confluent, closely set with hairs similar to those on the stipe; pinnae petiolate, petiole to 12 mm long, alternate, basally spaced, slightly overlapping apically, to 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, often slightly basiscopically developed, oblong-cuneate to narrowly elliptic, to 535 mm long, to 135 mm wide, with up to 24 pinnule pairs; pinnules petiolate, petiole to 1.5 mm long, alternate, basally spaced, slightly overlapping towards the apex, several basal pairs often reduced, to 1-pinnate-pinnatifid, usually slightly acroscopically developed, triangular, oblong-cuneate, or ovate, to 77 mm long, to 32 mm wide, with up to 8 petiolated and sessile segment pairs; segments petiolate, petiole to 1 mm long, alternate, basally spaced or overlapping, adnate towards the apex, pinnatifid to lobed, acroscopically developed, inequilaterally ovate to oblong-obtuse, to 17 mm long, to 8 mm wide, lobes shallowly dentate, adaxially closely set with hairs along the veins, the hairs hyaline to stramineous, acicular, pluricellular, uniseriate, to 0.5 mm long, abaxially closely set with similar hairs along and between the veins. Venation pinnately branched, vein branches end in the margin in the sinus between the teeth, sorus-bearing veins abbreviated, the endings enlarged. Sori circular, terminal on primarily the acroscopic anadromous vein branches of the segments, to 1 mm in diameter; receptacle paraphysate, paraphyses simple, pluricellular, uniseriate, apical cell elliptic, gland-like, to 320 mm long; sporangium short-stalked, simple, capsule broadly elliptic in lateral view, with (16-)18(-22) indurated annulus cells, epistomium (4-)5(-7)-celled, hypostomium (4-)5(-6)-celled; indusium cup-shaped, membranous, to 1 mm wide, opening outwards. Spores 64 per sporangium, stramineous, tetrahedral-globose, prominently lobed, echinulate, (32-)35.72(-38) µm in equatorial diameter.
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Plants terrestrial, 1.2-1.5(-2) m tall. Rhizome creeping, more than 7 mm in diam., glabrescent. Fronds scattered; stipe straw-colored, ca. 50[-70] cm, stiff, usually with dense, short, gray-brown, segmented hairs; rachis and rachillae also straw-colored, with scattered soft hairs. Lamina yellow-green when dried, 3-or 4-pinnate, ovate-oblong in outline, 60-100 × 30-40[-50] cm, thinly papery, both surfaces with often dense, adpressed, slender hairs, base wider, gradually shorter distally, apex acuminate; pinnae 10-15[-20+] pairs, alternate, 10-15 cm apart, spreading obliquely upward, with stalk 1-1.5 cm, bipinnate, broadly lanceolate in outline, lowermost pinnae slightly smaller, largest pinnae 28-30 cm, 10-15 cm wide at base, apex long acuminate; pinnules 15-20 pairs, upswept, parallel with rachis, broadly lanceolate, 2.5-4 × 0.8-1 cm, pinnatisect almost to rachillae, base unequal in width, decurrent, cuneate basiscopically, subtruncate acroscopically, apex acuminate; distal lobes 6-8 pairs, suprabasal ones longer, parallel with rachillae, others oblong, 7-8 × ca. 4 mm, truncate acroscopically, straight-cuneate basiscopically, margin obtusely pinnatifid, apex rounded; lobules entire or apex with 2 or 3 dwarf obtuse teeth. Veins slightly prominent abaxially, pinnately branching. Sori near notch at margin of lobules; indusium brownish, shallowly saucer-or fan-shaped, small, firm, densely hairy.
Rhizome short-creeping, fleshy, with stipes arising in 2 rows. Stipe and rachis chestnut-brown, almost glabrous at base, becoming densely covered in non-glandular hairs at apex; stipe 25–90 cm long, 2–8 mm diam. Lamina 40–175 cm long, 25–120 cm wide, broadly ovate, 3-pinnate at base, with soft dense colourless or brown-tinged hairs on all surfaces, but more abundant towards apex. Primary pinnae in 25–40 pairs, stalked, longest 16–70 cm long, 6–17 cm wide, arising at narrow angles. Secondary pinnae arising at wide angles, longest 3.5–10 cm long, 15–30 mm wide, with winged midribs. Longest tertiary pinnae 10–18 mm long, 6–8 mm wide, divided part-way to midrib; lowest pair unequal in size and angle of attachment. Ultimate pinnules broad, oblong, obtuse. Sori submarginal, with paraphyses, protected by half-cup-shaped indusia. Spores pale, finely echinate or ±smooth.
A large fern. It has creeping rhizomes. These are fleshy. It grows 0.7-2 m high. It forms spreading clumps. The fronds are erect and pale green. They are 0.7-2 m long and the stalks are 30-70 cm long. They are pale brown and hairy. The frond blade is 0.7-1.3 m long by 0.6-1 m wide and they are almost a triangle shape. They are divided 2-4 times. They are dull green. The sori or spore bodies are cup shaped.
Rhizome creeping, set with brown hairs. Veins mostly free. Lamina pinnate to 4-pinnatifid, up to 600 x 210 mm. Sori small, subcircular, opening towards margin, intramarginal, borne on a vein-ending.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention -
Sexuality -
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 0.95 - 1.75
Root system creeping-root rhizome
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Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

It is a tropical plant. It grows in sheltered spots in the rainforest. It grows up to 1,200 m above sea level. It suits humid locations. In Zimbabwe it grows up to 1,650 m above sea level. In Argentina it grows below 700 m above sea level. It suits hardiness zones 11-12.
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In rainforest and on rainforest margins, often on damp banks, riverbanks or on alluvial flats.
Light -
Soil humidity 3-5
Soil texture -
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Hardiness (USDA) 10-12

Usage

CAUTION: It is possibly poisonous.
Uses environmental use food medicinal poison
Edible leaves shoots
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from spores or by division of the clump. Plants do not like to be disturbed. They are slow to establish after moving.
Mode -
Germination duration (days) -
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Images

Leaf

Microlepia speluncae leaf picture by lisa (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Microlepia speluncae world distribution map, present in Angola, Argentina, American Samoa, Australia, Burundi, Benin, Bangladesh, Bermuda, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Bhutan, Botswana, Central African Republic, China, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Congo, Cook Islands, Comoros, Cuba, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Micronesia (Federated States of), Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Equatorial Guinea, French Guiana, Guam, Indonesia, India, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Liberia, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Myanmar, Northern Mariana Islands, Mozambique, Malawi, Malaysia, Namibia, Nigeria, Nepal, Peru, Philippines, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Réunion, Rwanda, Sudan, Senegal, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sierra Leone, Sao Tome and Principe, eSwatini, Seychelles, Togo, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Taiwan, Province of China, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, United States of America, Viet Nam, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna, Samoa, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1198545-2
WFO ID wfo-0001107361
COL ID 42XS9
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 448030
Wikipedia (EN)
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Davallia virens Davallia mollis Davallia padioides Davallia pilosa Davallia subvolubilis Davallia trichosticha Microlepia subvolubilis Microlepia trichosticha Aspidium puberum Dryopteris speluncae Dennstaedtia lindsayiformis Polypodium asperulum Davallia divergens Microlepia mollis Microlepia multifida Microlepia sablanensis Microlepia stenoloba Dicksonia lessonii Aspidium dicksoniifolium Dryopteris asperula Microlepia pyramidata Microlepia straminea Microlepia subrhomboidea Microlepia mollifolia Microlepia subspeluncae Microlepia hispidula Davallia flaccida Davallia speluncae Scyphofilix speluncae Microlepia ganlanbaensis Microlepia pingpienensis Aspidium speluncae Microlepia polypodioides Microlepia flaccida Davallia jamaicensis Acrophorus jamaicensis Microlepia jamaicensis Cystopteris orientalis Humata polypodioides Dicksonia polypodioides Dicksonia multifida Davallia polypodioides Polypodium speluncae Microlepia aspidioides Cystopteris aspidioides Microlepia speluncae

Lower taxons

Microlepia speluncae var. pyramidata Microlepia speluncae var. pubescens