Monotropa uniflora L.

Indianpipe (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Ericales > Ericaceae > Monotropa

Characteristics

Herbs white when fresh, fleshy, becoming black when dry, usually glabrous. Inflorescence erect, scapose, 1-flowered, 10–30 cm tall, 1.5–2 mm in diam. below flower, emerging from soil in nodding position. Inflorescence bracts scale-form, below soil level shorter and thicker and more densely crowded than upper bracts. Inflorescence bracts above soil level thin, ± erect, ovate to oblong, 1–2 cm × 4–8 mm, sessile, usually glabrous, margin entire or erose to irregularly toothed, apex acuminate. Flowers nodding at anthesis, tubular-campanulate. Bracts not distinguishable from upper inflorescence bracts. Sepals 3–5, scalelike, lanceolate to oblong, 1–1.5 cm × 3–5 mm, mostly glabrous, margin irregularly toothed, apex acute to acuminate. Petals 3–8, obovate-oblong, 1.2–2.2 cm × 4–8 mm, fleshy, abaxially glabrous, adaxially usually pubescent, base saccate, margin entire, irregularly denticulate or erose in upper part, apex rounded. Stamens usually 10; filaments 1–1.5 cm, pubescent; anthers yellowish, short, appearing peltate, to 2 mm in diam.; sacs connate, opening by a distal slit. Ovary essentially glabrous, grooved along sides where capsule segments separate; placenta axile; style 2–3 mm, shorter than ovary, thick, articulation between style and ovary conspicuous; stigma yellow-brown, ca. 4 mm in diam., funnelform, glabrous. Nectary at base of ovary usually with 10 paired lobes directed downward between staminal bases. Capsules erect, ellipsoid-globose, 1–1.5 cm. Old spent axes remaining erect throughout season. Fl. (Aug–)Sep–Oct(–Nov), fr. Oct–Nov.
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Glabrous, scapose herbs, arising from perennial root masses. Scapes (5-)13-30 cm tall, 2-5 mm in diameter, terete, somewhat fleshy, striate, bracteate. Leaves (bracts) congested both basally and distally, oblong to lanceolate, 6-16(-20) mm long, (2-)3-5(-10) mm wide, apically acute, basally rounded and sessile, the margins entire or somewhat erose. Flowers solitary, nodding at anthesis, erect in fruit, perianth 5-merous; sepals 13-16 mm long, 3-7 mm wide, lanceolate, apically obtuse or acute, the margins erose; petals 5-8, 8-16(-20) mm long, (4-)5-15 mm wide, basally saccate, oblong, obovate or spatulate, apically rounded, the margins becoming erose distally; stamens (8-)10(-14), alternately slightly unequal (ca. 1 mm difference in length), the filaments terete, 11-12 mm long, the anthers reniform, appearing peltate, ca. 2 mm in diameter; stigma funnel-shaped, obscurely 5-lobed, 2-6 mm in diameter, the style short, thick, 2-7 mm long, 2-3(-5) mm in diameter; ovary 5-6-locular, globose or ovoid, ca. 7 mm long, 6 mm in diameter. Capsule ca. 11 mm long; seeds 1 mm long, spindle-shaped.
Inflorescences solitary flowers, 5-30 cm; axis white. Pedicels nodding at anthesis, erect in fruit. Flowers: sepals (3-)5(-6), similar to subtending bracts, lanceolate to oblong, 7-10 × 4-6 mm; petals (3-)5(-6), white to pinkish or reddish, obovate, 10-20 × 5-15 mm, base slightly saccate, margins entire, apex rounded or, rarely, slightly lacerate, adaxial surfaces with scattered hairs; nectary lobes 10, elongate, curved-cylindric; stamens 8-14; filaments glabrous or sparsely hairy; anthers horizontal at anthesis, transversely ellipsoid to depressed-ovoid, abaxial pair of sacs smaller; ovary 6-12 × 5-9 mm, glabrous or sparsely hairy; style 2-7 × 2-5 mm, glabrous or sparsely hairy; stigma broadly funnelform, 2-6 mm diam., not subtended by ring of crowded hairs. Capsules 5-segmented; segments persistent after seed dispersal, stout, 7-11 × 5-12 mm, often connected along margins by fine, pinnate, vascular strands. Seeds 0.5-1 mm, mostly membranously winged. 2n = 32, 48.
Stems 1–2 dm, solitary or several, waxy-white, rarely pink or red; fl solitary, nodding, odorless, 10–17 mm; sep often none; pet broadly oblong, slightly widened distally; anthers opening by 2 clefts across the top; style longer than the ovary; stigma glabrous. Rich woods; Nf. to B.C., s. to Fla., Calif., and Colombia; also e. Asia. June–Aug.
A herb. It grows on other plants. It is white and fleshy. It grows 10-30 cm high. Stems are 1.5-2 mm thick. The leaves are small like scales. They are colourless. The flowers are white and waxy. They are 2 cm long. They occur singly. They droop at the end or pale white stems. The fruit is an erect capsule with many seeds.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support mycoheterotroph
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 0.12 - 0.3
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

They grow in cool and temperate regions. It grows in damp deciduous and mixed forests between 100-1500 m altitude in China.
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Damp coniferous woods in hills and mountains all over Japan. Dark rich woodlands in N. America.
Light 1-8
Soil humidity 5-7
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity 3-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 5-11

Usage

It can be cooked and eaten. Caution: It contains oxalates and glycosides.
Uses medicinal
Edible leaves
Therapeutic use Toothache (flower), Analgesic (leaf), Cold Remedy (leaf), Febrifuge (leaf), Anticonvulsive (root), Pediatric Aid (root), Analgesic (root), Cold Remedy (root), Gynecological Aid (root), Hypnotics and sedatives (root), Nervous system diseases (root), Parasympatholytics (root), Dermatological Aid (unspecified), Eye Medicine (unspecified), Analgesic (unspecified), Bactericide (unspecified), Collyrium (unspecified), Convulsion (unspecified), Epilepsy (unspecified), Eye (unspecified), Nervine (unspecified), Opiate (unspecified), Sedative (unspecified), Spasm (unspecified), Tonic (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by seedlings.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Monotropa uniflora habit picture by paige michael (cc-by-sa)
Monotropa uniflora habit picture by Arielle (cc-by-sa)
Monotropa uniflora habit picture by Marilyse Goulet (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Monotropa uniflora leaf picture by Janet Mead (cc-by-sa)
Monotropa uniflora leaf picture by Ray Peck II (cc-by-sa)
Monotropa uniflora leaf picture by Kimberly French (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Monotropa uniflora flower picture by Lisa Smith (cc-by-sa)
Monotropa uniflora flower picture by mathieu bergeron (cc-by-sa)
Monotropa uniflora flower picture by Matt P (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Monotropa uniflora fruit picture by Nolan Harig (cc-by-sa)
Monotropa uniflora fruit picture by Jim (cc-by-sa)
Monotropa uniflora fruit picture by t d (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Monotropa uniflora world distribution map, present in Bangladesh, Belize, Bhutan, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, France, Honduras, India, Japan, Mexico, Myanmar, Nicaragua, Nepal, Pakistan, Panama, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), El Salvador, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and United States of America

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:281016-2
WFO ID wfo-0000376457
COL ID 449TF
BDTFX ID 35467
INPN ID 762024
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Hypopitys uniflora Monotropa morisoniana Monotropa morisoni Monotropa uniflora f. rosea Monotropa brittonii Monotropa australis Monotropa coccinea Monotropa uniflora var. coccinea Monotropa uniflora subsp. coccinea Monotropa coccinea var. nicaraguensis Monotropa uniflora var. australis Monotropa uniflora var. variegata Monotropa uniflora var. nicaraguensis Monotropa uniflora