Mussaenda arcuata Poir.

Species

Angiosperms > Gentianales > Rubiaceae > Mussaenda

Characteristics

Shrub, scandent shrub or climber, 0.6–7(–14) m. tall; branches usually glabrous but often covered with shortish spreading hairs (2 specimens from Gabon have much longer reddish hairs), said to exude a watery to milky or sticky sap; lenticels not markedly apparent on young branches.. Leaf-blades coriaceous, elliptic to round, 3–16.3(–20) cm. long, 1.3–8.5(–10.8) cm. wide, apex acuminate to caudate, base cuneate, acute or rounded, with 5–7 pairs of lateral nerves, medium to dark green and shiny above and pale green beneath (dried specimens have a characteristic bronze to blackish mottling between the tertiary veins) glabrous above and glabrous or sparsely pubescent with denser hairs on the nerves beneath; tertiary nerves close together ± parallel to mid-rib; petiole 0.3–2.2 cm. long; stipules with lobe entire or divided almost to the base, 3–12 mm. long, reflexing and soon caducous revealing a line of red to brown hairs above the scar.. Flowers isostylous or heterostylous, sweet-scented, in dense or lax panicles, or few-flowered panicles, terminal on short lateral branches (in climbing specimens); peduncles 0.8–4 cm. long; secondary peduncles often present; pedicels 0–5.3(–7) mm. long; bracts and bracteoles entire or rarely 2–3-lobed, 0.2–2.7 cm. long and up to 2 mm. wide.. Calyx-tube turbinate to ellipsoid, 2–4 mm. long, usually glabrous but occasionally sparsely hairy; lobes dentate, linear or slightly spathulate, 0.7–1.5 cm. long, 0.25–2.5 mm. wide, curving outwards when mature, usually caducous; occasionally tending to produce an expanded creamy-white limb (most developed in specimens from N. Zambia), never as large as the leaves.. Corolla with greenish yellow tube and pale to bright yellow lobes with a distinctive star of orange-red hairs at the centre which become chocolate-brown at maturity; tube 1.3–2.7 cm. long, 2.5–5 mm. wide at the top, 0.75–1.5 mm. wide at the base, glabrous, hairy all over or with the hairs concentrated into 5 vertical stripes outside, with flattened yellow hairs at the throat and between the anthers, becoming glabrous towards the base within; lobes narrowly to broadly ovate, 4–19 mm. long, 2.5–11 mm. wide, acute to apiculate at apex, shortly connate for (0–)1.5–3 mm. at base, somewhat reflexed at maturity, midrib produced to form a low ridge.. Distance from the throat to the top of the anthers 0–1.6 mm. in isostylous flowers (both stigma and anthers near the throat), 0–3 mm. in short-styled flowers and 4–6 mm. in long-styled flowers.. Style 1.2–2.1 cm. in long-styled and isostylous flowers and 0.75–1 cm. in short-styled flowers; arms 0–(1.3–2) mm. long; stigma entirely exserted or included, each lobe 2.2–5.2 mm. long.. Fruit edible, pale green to yellow, ellipsoid or subglobose, (0.8–)1.1–2.5 cm. long, (0.6–)0.8–1.8 cm. wide, with a round whitish scar at the apex.. Seeds straw-coloured to pale brown, ± rectangular or triangular in outline, 1–1.3 mm. long, slightly thickened, clearly reticulate.. Fig. 1/1.
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Corolla with greenish-yellow tube and pale to bright yellow lobes with a distinctive star of orange-red hairs at the centre which become brownish-chocolate at maturity; tube 1.3–2.7 cm long, 2.5–5 mm wide at the top and 0.75–1.5 mm wide at the base, glabrous, hairy all over or with the hairs concentrated into 5 vertical stripes outside, with flattened yellow hairs at the throat and between the anthers, becoming glabrous towards the base within; lobes 4–19 × 2.5–11 mm, lanceolate to broadly ovate, acute to apiculate at apex, shortly connate for (0)1.5–3 mm.
Calyx tube 2–4 mm long, turbinate to ellipsoid, usually glabrous but occasionally sparsely hairy; lobes 0.7–1.5 × 0.25–2.5 mm, dentate, linear or slightly spathulate, curving outwards when mature, usually caducous; occasionally tending to produce a rudimentary creamy-white calycophyll (most developed in specimens from the Zambia N: division of the Flora Zambesiaca area), never as large as the leaves.
A shrub. It grows 2-3 m high. It can be a creeper 8-10 m long. The stems can be 12 cm across. The leaves are broadly oval. They are leathery and shiny. The flowers are yellow and tube shaped. They have a scent. The sepals are red and pointed and slightly downy. The fruit are almost round. They are edible.
Leaf blades 3–16.3(20) × 1.3–8.5(10.8) cm, elliptic to round, acuminate to caudate at the apex, cuneate, acute or rounded at the base, with 5–7 pairs of lateral nerves, coriaceous, glabrous above and glabrous or sparsely pubescent beneath with the nerves densely hairy; petiole 0.3–2.2 cm long.
Flowers isostylous or heterostylous, sweet-scented, in dense, lax or few-flowered panicles, terminal on short lateral branches (in climbing specimens); peduncles 0.8–4 cm long; secondary peduncles often present; pedicels 0–5.3(7) mm long.
Distance from the throat to the top of the anthers 0–1.6 mm in isostylous flowers (both stigma and anthers near the throat), 0–3 mm in short-styled flowers and 4–6 mm in long-styled flowers.
Style 1.2–2.1 cm in long-styled and isostylous flowers and 0.75–1 cm long in short-styled flowers; arms 0(1.3–2) mm long; stigma entirely exserted or included; lobes 2.2–5.2 mm long.
Shrub, scandent shrub or climber, 0.6–7(14) m tall; branches usually glabrous but often covered with shortish spreading hairs, said to exude a watery to milky or sticky sap.
Stipules 3–12 mm long, with lobe entire or divided almost to the base, reflexing and soon caducous revealing a line of red to brown hairs above the scar.
Fruit edible, pale green to yellow, (0.8)1.1–2.5 × (0.6)0.8–1.8 cm, ellipsoid or subglobose, with a round whitish scar at the apex.
Seeds 1–1.3 mm long, straw-coloured to pale brown, ± rectangular or triangular, slightly thickened, clearly reticulated.
Bracts and bracteoles entire or rarely 2–3 lobed, 0.2–2.7 cm long and up to 2 mm wide.
Life form perennial
Growth form shrub
Growth support climber
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 1.3 - 5.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color -
Blooming months -
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

A tropical plant. It is often in forests near streams. In Zimbabwe it grows between 350-1,800 m above sea level. In Kenya it grows from 1,050-1,650 m above sea level. It suits hardiness zones 10-12.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-12

Usage

The fruit can be eaten fresh. They can be used for jam. The leaves are sometimes eaten as a spinach.
Uses food material medicinal
Edible fruits leaves
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from seed or cuttings.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Mussaenda arcuata habit picture by J. Champ (cc-by-sa)
Mussaenda arcuata habit picture by H. Goëau (cc-by-sa)
Mussaenda arcuata habit picture by H. Goëau (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Mussaenda arcuata leaf picture by J. Champ (cc-by-sa)
Mussaenda arcuata leaf picture by J. Champ (cc-by-sa)
Mussaenda arcuata leaf picture by J. Champ (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Mussaenda arcuata flower picture by Christopher Briggs (cc-by-sa)
Mussaenda arcuata flower picture by Serge Garnier (cc-by-sa)
Mussaenda arcuata flower picture by miss canthus (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Mussaenda arcuata fruit picture by Patrick Mussard (cc-by-sa)
Mussaenda arcuata fruit picture by H. Goëau (cc-by-sa)
Mussaenda arcuata fruit picture by H. Goëau (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Mussaenda arcuata world distribution map, present in Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Mali, Mozambique, Mauritius, Nigeria, Réunion, Sudan, Sierra Leone, Togo, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:756546-1
WFO ID wfo-0000246472
COL ID 44QJV
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 706556
Wikipedia (EN)
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Landia stelligera Mussaenda abyssinica Mussaenda stenocarpa Landia stelligera Mussaenda arcuata var. parviflora Mussaenda arcuata var. pubescens Landia astrographa Mussaenda arcuata