Nasturtium officinale R.Br.

Yellowcress (en), Cresson officinal (fr), Cresson des fontaines (fr), Cresson de fontaine (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Brassicales > Brassicaceae > Nasturtium

Characteristics

Herbs perennial, rhizomatous, aquatic, 10-70(-200) cm tall, glabrous throughout or sparsely pubescent with simple trichomes. Stems decumbent or prostrate, erect in emergent plants, branched above, rooting at proximal nodes. Leaves all cauline, pinnately compound, 3-9(-13)-foliolate; petiole auriculate at base; terminal leaflet suborbicular or oblong, 1-4 cm, base obtuse, cuneate, or subcordate, margin entire or repand, apex obtuse; lateral leaflets smaller, usually sessile. Fruiting pedicels slender, divaricate or recurved, 5-12(-20) mm. Sepals oblong, 2-3.5 mm, lateral pair slightly saccate. Petals white or pink, spatulate or obovate, 2.8-4.5(-6) × 1.5-25 mm, apex rounded; claw ca. 1 mm. Filaments white, 2-3.5 mm; anthers oblong, ca. 0.6 mm. Fruit cylindric, 1-1.5(-2) cm × (1.8-)2-2.5(-3) mm; valves with an obscure midvein; style 0.5-1(-1.5) mm. Seeds biseriate, ovoid, 1-1.3 × 0.7-1 mm, reddish brown, coarsely reticulate, with 25-50(-60) areolae on each side. Fl. Apr-Sep, fr. May-Sep. 2n = 32*.
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Plants glabrous throughout or sparsely pubescent. Stems 1-11 (-20) dm. Cauline leaves: petiole not winged, base auriculate; blade 3-9(-13)-foliolate, (1-) 2-15(-22) cm; lateral leaflets sessile or petiolulate, rachis not winged, blade smaller than terminal; terminal leaflet (or simple blade) suborbicular to ovate, or oblong to lanceolate, (0.4-)1-4(-5) cm × (3-)7-25(-40) mm, base obtuse, cuneate, or subcordate, margins entire or repand, apex obtuse. Fruiting pedicels divaricate or descending, straight or recurved, 5-17(-24) mm. Flowers: sepals 2-3.5 × 0.9-1.6 mm; petals white or pink, spatulate or obovate, 2.8-4.5(-6) × 1.5-2.5 mm, (base to 1 mm), apex rounded; filaments 2-3.5 mm; anthers 0.6-1 mm. Fruits (0.6-)1-1.8(-2.5) cm × (1.8-)2-2.5(-3) mm; ovules (28-)36-60 per ovary; style 0.5-1(-1.5) mm. Seeds biseriate, reddish brown, ovoid, (0.8-)0.9-1.1 (-1.3) × (0.6-)0.7-0.9(-1) mm, coarsely reticulate with 25-50(-60) areolae on each side. 2n = 32.
A perennial herb with creeping or floating stems, rooting at the nodes and without a taproot. Stems hollow, glabrous or puberulous in the axils of the branches. Leaves pinnate with 3-9 leaflets, petiolate; petiole glabrous or puberulous, auriculate with lanceolate spreading auricles; lateral leaflets elliptical, dark green, entire or repand; terminal leaflet elliptical to broadly ovate-circular. Racemes terminal, dense in flower. Petals about 4 mm long, spathulate. Racemes sublax in fruit, the pedicels wide-spreading or ± reflexed, usually c. 1 cm long but up to 2 cm. Siliquae 1.3-1.8(-2) cm long, often curved-ascending; valves very weakly 1-nerved, eventually bulged by the seeds. Seeds 30-51 cm each locule; seed-coat minutely reticulate.
A cabbage family herb. It is a small leafy plant that grows in water and lasts for several years. It grows 30 cm high and has runners 2.5 m long. It has hollow stems and roots freely from the nodes. It branches freely. The leaves consist of 3 to 7 pairs of small leaflets then a larger leaflet at the end. The flowers are small and white and grow grow in a cluster. Flowers are not always produced and need days with more than 12 hours of sunlight to form. A small narrow curved seed pod about 2 cm long can develop. It grows attached to the banks of streams.
Caulescent perennial herb, up to 0.6 m high. Leaves pinnate. Racemes terminal. Flowers white.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention -
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread barochory
Mature width (meter) 1.25
Mature height (meter) 0.4 - 0.5
Root system creeping-root fibrous-root rhizome tap-root
Rooting depth (meter) 0.5
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

This is a temperate climate crop. It is common in tropical highland creeks especially those flowing off limestone hills. (pH 6.5-7.5) It needs to be in running water. In the tropics it occurs from about 1000 m up to at least 2900 m altitude. It grows in streams, ditches, lakes, swamps, marshes from near sea level to 3700 m altitude in China. In Argentina it grows from sea level to 4,100 m above sea level. It grows in wetlands. It suits plant hardiness zones 6-10. Tasmania Herbarium. In Yunnan. In Sichuan.
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Stream margins, ditches, flushes etc with moving water, usually in chalk or limestone areas.
Stream margins, ditches, flushes etc with moving water, usually in chalk or limestone areas.
Light 6-9
Soil humidity 7-11
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity 4-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 6-9

Usage

The leaves and stems are eaten raw or cooked and have a spicy flavour. They are also fried. Cooking should be used if the water in the stream is not pure and clean. The seed can be germinated to produce sprouts. The seeds can be ground to make a mustard flavouring.
Uses environmental use fodder food gene source medicinal ornamental
Edible leaves seeds stems
Therapeutic use Analgesics (aerial part), Analgesics (leaf), Anthelmintics (leaf), Antitoxins (leaf), Antitubercular agents (leaf), Antitussive agents (leaf), Common cold (leaf), Constipation (leaf), Digestive system diseases (leaf), Diuretics (leaf), Expectorants (leaf), Intestinal diseases (leaf), Laxatives (leaf), Parasympatholytics (leaf), General tonic for rejuvenation (leaf), Scurvy (leaf), Skin diseases (leaf), Ulcer (leaf), Scorpion stings (root), Antitubercular agents (stem), Febrifuge (unspecified), Kidney Aid (unspecified), Liver Aid (unspecified), Analgesic (unspecified), Vertigo Medicine (unspecified), Abortifacient (unspecified), Apertif (unspecified), Aphrodisiac (unspecified), Asthma (unspecified), Bactericide (unspecified), Cancer (unspecified), Catarrh (unspecified), Cicatrizant (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Depurative (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Eczema (unspecified), Expectorant (unspecified), Flu (unspecified), Gum (unspecified), Cold(Head) (unspecified), Liver (unspecified), Nose (unspecified), Pertussis (unspecified), Restorative (unspecified), Scabies (unspecified), Scurvy (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Sterilizant (unspecified), Stimulant (unspecified), Tuberculosis (unspecified), Tumor(Glands) (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Wart (unspecified), Wen (unspecified), Medicine (unspecified), Respiratory (unspecified), Stomach (unspecified), Ache(Ear) (unspecified), Alopecia (unspecified), Bronchitis (unspecified), Cyanogenetic (unspecified), Goiter (unspecified), Heart (unspecified), Laxative (unspecified), Polyp (unspecified), Strangury (unspecified), Throat (unspecified), Kidney (unspecified), Tonic (unspecified), Analgesics (unspecified), Anthelmintics (unspecified), Anti-bacterial agents (unspecified), Antipyretics (unspecified), Antitubercular agents (unspecified), Appetite stimulants (unspecified), Atherosclerosis (unspecified), Blood pressure regulation (unspecified), Chest pain (unspecified), Common cold (unspecified), Constipation (unspecified), Gout (unspecified), Heart diseases (unspecified), Hematologic diseases (unspecified), Jaundice (unspecified), Kidney diseases (unspecified), Laxatives (unspecified), Malaria (unspecified), Pregnancy (unspecified), General tonic for rejuvenation (unspecified), Rhinitis (unspecified), Urinary bladder diseases (unspecified), Urination disorders (unspecified), Vision disorders (unspecified), Antitoxins (whole plant), Antitubercular agents (whole plant), Diuretics (whole plant), Expectorants (whole plant), Hematologic diseases (whole plant), Lung neoplasms (whole plant), Nasal disease (whole plant), Scurvy (whole plant), Skin diseases (whole plant), Urinary bladder diseases (whole plant)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

It is grown from cuttings planted along the edges of clear running water. Cuttings of 10-15 cm long are suitable. The plant has roots along the stem at the node and cuttings quickly form roots in water. A spacing of 30 cm is suitable. This small plant keeps living for many years once established. It can also be grown from seeds. Plants can float on the water. It will not tolerate drying out. Watercress has a high phosphate requirement.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) 7 - 12
Germination temperacture (C°) 18
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -18
Optimum temperature (C°) 12 - 17
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Nasturtium officinale habit picture by beurny (cc-by-sa)
Nasturtium officinale habit picture by Hélène (cc-by-sa)
Nasturtium officinale habit picture by Victor Schoenfelder (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Nasturtium officinale leaf picture by JeanRene (cc-by-sa)
Nasturtium officinale leaf picture by María Meyer (cc-by-sa)
Nasturtium officinale leaf picture by Schuller Ton (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Nasturtium officinale flower picture by roberto (cc-by-sa)
Nasturtium officinale flower picture by Pierre Duthil (cc-by-sa)
Nasturtium officinale flower picture by María Meyer (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Nasturtium officinale fruit picture by Pierre LEON (cc-by-sa)
Nasturtium officinale fruit picture by Trap Hers (cc-by-sa)
Nasturtium officinale fruit picture by Jean-Daniel BLARD (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Nasturtium officinale world distribution map, present in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Cameroon, Ethiopia, France, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Thailand, Uruguay, United States of America, and South Africa

Conservation status

Nasturtium officinale threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:167338-2
WFO ID wfo-0000380323
COL ID 87C5J
BDTFX ID 43852
INPN ID 109422
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Radicula nasturtium-aquaticum Sisymbrium amarum Sisymbrium fluviatile Nasturtium fontanum Nasturtium flexuosum Nasturtium alexandrinum Nasturtium aquaticum Nasturtium siifolium Nasturtium parvifolium Cardamine aquatica Cardamine nasturtium-aquaticum Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum Sisymbrium nasturtium-aquaticum Arabis nasturtium Baeumerta nasturtium Radicula nasturtium Radicula officinalis Rorippa nasturtium Radicula nasturtium Sisymbrium nasturtium Nasturtium nasturtium-aquaticum Cardamine nasturtium Rorippa officinalis Crucifera fontana Cardamine fontana Cardaminum nasturtium Nasturtium siifolium Baeumerta nasturtium-aquaticum Nasturtium fontanum var. longisiliquum Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum var. longisiliqua Nasturtium officinale var. officinale Nasturtium officinale subsp. rotundifolium Nasturtium officinale